4:00

The Southern interests who wanted to

4:02

safeguard their peculiar institution issue of

4:04

Slavery would define the Eighty Forty

4:06

Four license and push the country

4:08

ever closer to the brink of

4:11

Civil War. The

4:19

holiday start here at Kroger. with a

4:21

variety of options to celebrate traditions old

4:23

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4:25

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4:27

and make turkey tacos. Serve. A

4:29

go to shrimp cocktails or use simple

4:31

Truth wild caught shrimp for your first

4:34

cage and result. I'll make creamy mac

4:36

and cheese or a spinach artichoke fondue

4:38

from our selection of Murray sees. No

4:41

matter how you shop, Progress has all

4:43

the freshest ingredients. To embrace all

4:45

your holiday traditions. Kroger fresh for

4:47

everyone! From

4:54

Airship I'm Lindsey Graham and

4:56

this is American Elections. Which.

5:23

The election of Eighteen Forty taught

5:25

Martin Van Buren a valuable lesson.

5:28

The old way of winning elections

5:30

no longer work. Washington, Adams, Jefferson,

5:33

and indeed, every president, including Van

5:35

Buren, refrained from openly campaigning over

5:37

the years, even as political parties

5:40

became more sophisticated. Presidential campaigns were

5:42

largely wage by supporters of the

5:44

candidates in the press and behind

5:47

closed doors. But in the Eighteen

5:49

Forty contest, William Henry Harrison changed

5:52

everything. He was the first

5:54

President to openly campaign for the office

5:56

and the first to launch an official

5:58

campaign tour. in part because was

8:00

sworn in at Brown's hotel as acting

8:02

prisoner. Please, gentlemen, sir, I

8:05

hope this is a suitable location for us to

8:07

meet. Yes, sir. It was our

8:09

usual practice to hold conference here in Mr. Harrison's

8:11

office. In my office? I

8:14

beg your pardon, sir? My office? It

8:17

is now my office, is it not? Webster

8:20

is at a loss for words. Before

8:22

he can muster a reply, Tyler presses the

8:24

point. You see, Mr. Webster, do you think

8:26

it proffered to do business elsewhere for the

8:29

remaining three years and 11 months of my

8:31

term? No, no, sir.

8:34

Good, then it's settled. Webster

8:36

and the rest of the Cabinet are listless. They

8:39

had planned out an extensive presidential agenda

8:41

with Harrison and the Whig party leader,

8:43

Senator Henry Clay. Now those plans

8:45

might be out the window. Democrats

8:48

in Washington are already challenging Tyler's

8:50

authority as acting president. And

8:52

now, ironically, the president's very own

8:54

Whig Cabinet is questioning it too.

8:57

Now, onto more pressing matters. I have drafted a

9:00

few policies that I think will do well by

9:02

the country. Mr. Acting President, I'm sorry to interrupt

9:04

you, but before we hear any

9:06

new policy requests, don't you think it would

9:08

be prudent to— Policy requests? To

9:11

whom must I make a request to draft

9:14

executive policy? I'm the president, after

9:16

all. Acting President,

9:18

sir. Secretary Webster,

9:20

gentlemen. First and foremost,

9:22

I will be addressed from this

9:25

point forward as president, not vice

9:27

president, and not acting president. President.

9:30

As far as policy is concerned, I ask

9:32

you to remain in this Cabinet to provide

9:34

the nation with a tranquil transition, not

9:36

to administer the country in my place. Not

9:39

in your place, sir, but in conjunction with

9:41

you by committee. Our custom

9:43

was that all measures, whatever, however relating

9:46

to the administration, were brought before the

9:48

Cabinet, and their settlement was decided by

9:50

a majority, each member and the president

9:52

having one vote. I

9:54

have one vote. As each of

9:56

us will have. This is absurd. I

9:59

am the President. That. Acting President.

10:02

Tyler. Stews Webster's difference.

10:05

In. This very moment president is being

10:07

established. Tyler. Knows it, Is.

10:09

Only courses to fight for his legitimacy

10:12

know. I beg your pardon General I

10:14

am sure. I am very glad Have

10:16

the my town at such able statement

10:18

as you proved yourself to be and

10:21

I shall be pleased to avail myself

10:23

which are council and advice but I

10:25

can never consented being dictated to as

10:27

to what I shall were salad I

10:30

as president will be responsible for my

10:32

administration. When you think

10:34

otherwise, You're. Resignations will be

10:36

axed. After

10:42

the death of President Harrison, perhaps the

10:44

most important precedent set was what happened

10:46

to the office of the Presidency. Article.

10:49

Two Section Six of the Constitution

10:51

accounts for presidential vacancies. But.

10:53

The language is ambiguous. In

10:56

case of the removal of the president

10:58

from office or of his death, resignation,

11:01

or inability to discharge the powers and

11:03

duties of the said office, the same

11:05

cell devolve on the Vice President and

11:07

Congress may by law provides a the

11:10

case of removal, death, resignation, or inability,

11:12

both of the President and vice President

11:14

declaring what officer shall then act as

11:17

president and such officer shall act accordingly

11:19

until the disability be removed or president

11:21

shall be elected. From.

11:24

The language Of the constitution. It was

11:26

obvious to most that the vice president

11:28

would serve as president Into a new

11:30

president could be elected. But.

11:32

The question was for how long. Did.

11:34

The Vice President and serve as acting

11:36

President only until a special a lesson

11:39

to be held for president. Or.

11:41

Was the vice president now president?

11:43

Was. All powers thereof for the remainder of

11:45

the term. In. John

11:48

Timers mind. There was no doubt where he stood

11:50

on the matter. With. Harrison dead Tyler

11:52

was the President in every sense of

11:54

the word, and he would act accordingly.

11:57

But. There was another question on the mind. The Washington

11:59

The State. Who. Was. And.

12:03

Will he be? John

12:09

Tyler Jr. was the very definition

12:11

of a southern gentleman. Born

12:13

March Nineteen Seventy Nine to in a

12:15

gilded plantation in Virginia, Tyler was born

12:18

of privilege. His father had been

12:20

the Governor of Virginia and a close personal

12:22

friend and college roommate to Thomas Jefferson. Both.

12:25

John Tyler senior and Vice President

12:27

Taylor and save their political views

12:29

after Jefferson. John. Tyler Junior

12:31

had graduated in eighty know seven to

12:33

went on to work in in which

12:35

the law office of Edmund Randolph the

12:37

serves as George Washington's Attorney General. Tyler

12:40

had increased is already large force and

12:42

when he married Leticia Christian, the daughter

12:45

of another wealthy plantation owner and began

12:47

a career in politics. Tyler.

12:49

Had been a staunch supporter of Andrew Jackson

12:51

in the eighteen Twenty Eight election, but over

12:53

the years the two men had to do

12:55

this. During Jackson's presidency, Tyler

12:58

had increasingly com to see Jackson

13:00

as authoritarian, rapidly expanding the powers

13:02

of the presidency and sampling on

13:04

the road to states. He.

13:06

Was during the nullification crisis of

13:09

Eighteen Thirty Two that Jackson's threat

13:11

of federal force against insubordinate states

13:13

and finally ended Tyler support of

13:15

Old Hickory. When. Henry

13:18

Clay form the wing party to

13:20

oppose the Jacksonian democrats. Tyler had

13:22

switched parties, abandoning the Democrats in

13:24

favor of the wigs. By.

13:26

Henry Clay and John Tyler did not see eye

13:28

to eye on every issue. Clay

13:30

was largely in favor of the Federal

13:32

government, taking an active role in controlling

13:34

the autonomy of the country through strong

13:36

national bank. Tyler. Oppose such

13:39

policies bleeding adamantly in the individual

13:41

states authority and. The.

13:43

Clay and Tyler had sound common cause in

13:46

their opposition to do. So.

13:48

When Clay push Congress to censor Jackson,

13:50

Tyler has supported the measure. He felt

13:52

so strongly about Jackson's need for sensor

13:54

that when his home state of Virginia

13:56

voted to force him to remove the

13:58

sensor, Tyler had resigned the senate seat

14:00

in protest. Tyler's opposition

14:03

to Jackson had earned him the

14:05

respect of many prominent Wix men

14:07

like Henry Clay. Those

14:09

same wigs put Tyler on the Harrison

14:11

ticket in Eighteen Forty. Hoping Tyler's presence

14:13

would boost Harrison's prospects in the South

14:15

and ultimately hand him the Eighteen Forty

14:18

election. They. Were right, Harrison

14:20

One. Before. The wigs. Vice

14:22

President Tyler was one thing. President

14:25

Taylor was another. From.

14:27

The very beginning of Tyler's accidental presidency,

14:29

Henry Clay and others in control of

14:32

the Whig party, encouraged Tyler to relinquish

14:34

control to the cabinet men who were

14:36

loyal to the Whig party platform. traditionally.

14:40

All the way back to Thomas Jefferson.

14:42

Presidential cabinet had held a great deal

14:44

of power and authority. It. Was

14:46

Andrew Jackson the very man Tyler

14:48

despise so much that strength and

14:51

presidential authority in Austin opposes on

14:53

cabinet. This. Foot, Trailer and

14:55

Dilemma. Does. He see central to

14:57

his cabinet and party leadership. Or.

14:59

Emulate Jackson. The. Man, he loved.

15:02

Thailand. Chose to cement his own authority.

15:05

He would not be subservient to the cabinet.

15:07

When the political winds of Henry Clay and

15:09

the Wix. In his inaugural

15:11

address, Tyler gave what he called a

15:13

brief exposition of the principles which will

15:15

cover me in the general course of

15:17

my administration. The. Various certain that

15:20

it was his administration was excoriated

15:22

in the press and a House

15:24

of Representatives a most was called

15:26

to force upon Tyler's the title

15:28

of Vice President. Now exercising the

15:30

duties of President. Though. The motion

15:32

failed. It was clear that no

15:34

one considered Tyler the President suffer.

15:36

Tyler. And after the attempted

15:38

mutiny at his first cabinet meeting on

15:41

April Six, eighteen, forty one President Tyler

15:43

set out to seize the reins of

15:45

power and proves his legitimacy. It.

15:47

Would be a hard fought battle on multiple

15:49

fronts. Tyler's. Political

15:51

enemies call him his accident see and

15:53

refuse to obey his orders. Many.

15:55

challenge the language of article to and

15:57

only referred to tyler as acting prime

20:00

The states have the right to deny the branching

20:02

of the bank if they so choose, and I

20:04

will veto any bill that says otherwise. You

20:06

would go against the Whigs and veto

20:08

such a necessary bill, one drafted by

20:10

members of your own cabinet. There's a

20:12

word to describe that sort of behavior,

20:15

sir. Jacksonian. Tyler

20:17

slaps his hand on his desk and roars. I

20:19

will have you know I supported Jackson's

20:22

veto of your second bank, and I

20:24

will do so to your third, fourth,

20:26

fifth, and so on. It goes against

20:28

the Tenth Amendment. You are in full

20:30

embrace of nullification, you, the acting president.

20:33

The president, Mr. Clay. Tyler

20:35

stands and points toward the Capitol Building.

20:37

Now, understand this, Senator. Though

20:39

you and I were born in the same district,

20:42

have fed upon the same food and breathed the

20:44

same air, we will never agree on this issue.

20:48

Tyler angrily marches to his office door and flings

20:50

it open. As Clay heads

20:52

for the exit, Tyler roars. Go now, Mr.

20:54

Clay, to your end of the avenue, and

20:56

there perform your duty to the country as

20:58

you think proper. So help

21:01

me, God, I shall do mine at this end

21:03

of it, as I think proper. Good

21:05

day, sir. At

21:10

a cabinet meeting on August 7, 1841, President

21:13

Tyler was presented a bill to establish a

21:15

new national bank. Nine days

21:18

later, he made good on his threat and vetoed the

21:20

bill. His cabinet, many of

21:22

whom had helped author the bill, were

21:24

beside themselves. The centerpiece of

21:26

Henry Clay's agenda, a third national bank,

21:28

was dead. The Democrats were

21:31

overjoyed. The Whigs despondent,

21:34

but determined to fight back. After

21:40

his veto of the bank bill, a mob

21:42

of angry Whigs marched on the White House.

21:45

The posse threw rocks at the windows, fired

21:47

guns into the air, and hanged John Tyler

21:49

in effigy from a nearby tree. The

21:52

first lady, who had suffered a stroke in

21:54

1839 and was limited to living upstairs in

21:57

the executive mansion, feared for her life. Was

22:00

left to fear for his political future. Is

22:02

stubborn refusal to play ball with the wigs

22:04

cost him. Wigs, In Congress, turn

22:07

their backs on Tyler and the didn't

22:09

stop with the legislative branch. On

22:11

September eleventh, eighteen forty one at

22:13

the urging of Henry Clay every

22:16

member of Tyler's cabinet resigned in

22:18

protest save. His secretary

22:20

state Daniel Webster. Ironically, the

22:22

very man who had first led the

22:24

cabinet in opposition against him. Tyler.

22:27

Was furious. Henry Clay is a

22:29

doomed man. He proclaimed. Maclean.

22:32

Didn't see it that way. Place on

22:34

opportunity to deny John Tyler his

22:36

party's nomination. And. Win the presidency

22:38

for himself. On March thirty

22:40

first, eighteen forty to play resigned to

22:42

see from the senate to begin positioning

22:45

himself for a presidential run and be

22:47

eighteen forty four less. Estranged.

22:50

From his party and under attack

22:52

from Henry Clay. Trailer felt isolated.

22:54

Adding. To his feelings of loneliness is

22:56

why Footage has suffered a second stroke

22:58

and died on September tenth. Eighteen, Forty

23:00

Two. It. Was the first time in

23:03

Us history a First Lady died in the White

23:05

House. Tyler was emotionally devastated

23:07

and he was politically vulnerable.

23:09

He has you allies and even fewer friends.

23:12

Sensing. Weakness Henry Clay went on

23:14

the attack. Clay. New

23:16

and as long as Tyler was an office,

23:18

the wings legislative agenda would end and veto.

23:21

They did not have the two thirds majority

23:23

override him. If. The wigs were

23:25

to hold the reins of Washington. Tyler would

23:27

have to go. So. In

23:29

January eighteen, Forty Three Play spearheaded an

23:31

attempt to in peace and remove Tyler

23:34

from office. The. Impeachment vote

23:36

failed, but Clay was just getting

23:38

started. Since. He could not

23:40

remove Tyler. He sought to make the office

23:42

of the President to relevant. Play.

23:44

Lead an effort to change the threshold,

23:46

overriding a veto from a super majority

23:49

of two thirds to just a simple

23:51

majority. This attempt to touch

23:53

Tyler off at the knees also failed.

23:55

and not long after, Henry Clay abandoned

23:57

his crusade against trailers presidency instead for

23:59

using his efforts on winning his party's

24:01

nomination in the illusion of eighteen Forty

24:03

Four. Tyler's

24:08

time and the White House was largely

24:10

defined by one issue. Westward.

24:12

Expansion. The untamed West

24:14

was a land of opportunity. Decades

24:17

of explorers for traders and missionaries

24:19

and slowly established trails and outpost.

24:21

The connected the United States to

24:23

his territory, disputed flames and neighbour

24:26

Mexico to the west. In.

24:28

May have Eighteen Forty three, Nearly one

24:30

thousand people left independents Missouri to follow

24:33

quite literally in a passive earlier Americans

24:35

to settle in the Organ Country. This.

24:38

Marked the beginning of the long and

24:40

dangerous process of westward migration. The.

24:42

Country was growing. It was only a matter of

24:44

time before new states would be added to the

24:47

Union. This. Aggressive expansion also brought

24:49

to the forefront of national politics

24:51

and issues had managed to avoid

24:53

for decades Slavery. The.

24:56

Trial of the Armistice had stirred the

24:58

passions of both abolitionists and defenders of

25:00

slavery. Light. Up until the

25:02

summer of eighteen, Forty three, Congress had managed

25:04

to skirt the subject of slavery entirely. Henry

25:07

Clay had led the effort to sideline

25:09

a debate on slavery back and eating

25:11

twenty when he proposed the Missouri Compromise

25:13

and agreement at all lands in the

25:16

Louisiana Purchase north of the thirty six

25:18

degree Thirty Second Parallel would be free

25:20

states, while those south of the line

25:22

would allow flavor. In. December

25:24

Eighteen, thirty five. In order to

25:26

maintain that peace, Us House of

25:28

Representatives had instituted the gag rule

25:31

forbidding the house. I'm considering anti

25:33

slavery petitions. These. Deaths were

25:35

merely efforts to delay the inevitable. Neither.

25:37

The Missouri Compromise or the Gag Rule

25:40

tackle the issue directly. The. Nation

25:42

was split deeply and held together by

25:44

the most fragile of bonds. In

25:47

eighteen, forty three, those bonds strain to

25:49

breaking when the Republic of Texas, which

25:51

had just one it's independence from Mexico,

25:53

expressed an interest in joining the United

25:56

States. In

26:00

June of eighteen, Forty three, John Tyler was

26:03

desperate to legitimise himself in the minds of

26:05

the people. As. He learned

26:07

from Thomas Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase.

26:09

Nothing solidified a presidential legacy.

26:11

Quite expensive. So. He turns

26:13

his focus toward Annex in Texas. And

26:16

found an ally in another former

26:18

vice president, John C. Calhoun, a

26:20

South Carolina. Calhoun was a

26:22

states rights advocates pro slavery my Tyler

26:24

and he would become one of trailers

26:27

closest advisors. In July,

26:29

Forty three Tyler discovered a plot by

26:31

the British to loan money to Texas

26:33

is they would emancipate their smith's. Tyler.

26:36

Would not stand for British interference

26:38

and affairs on the North American

26:40

continent, especially over slavery. Tyler began

26:43

secret negotiations with Isaac Van Zandt

26:45

that says minister to the United

26:47

States for the annexation of Texas.

26:50

But. On August twenty third, eighteen

26:52

Forty three Mexican President Antonio Lopez

26:54

to Santa Ana to Iran's sometimes

26:57

plants. Must. Have did not

26:59

recognize the independence. Santa Ana warned that

27:01

if the United States tried to annex

27:04

Texas, Mexico with you that as soon

27:06

as the U S stealing Mexican territory.

27:09

It. Would be considered an act of war

27:11

and Mexico would answer with force. As

27:14

the lesson of eighteen Forty Four approached

27:16

the incumbent Tyler found himself without a

27:18

party. He was all but banished from

27:20

the wigs and he knew he would not be

27:22

there canada. But. This only further

27:24

motivated Tyler to pursue the annexation

27:26

of Texas. If he accomplished

27:28

the annexation, he might be able to earn

27:31

enough popular support to either run as a

27:33

democrat. Was. The third party candidate. Undeterred,

27:36

By threats from Mexico on April

27:38

Twelve, eighteen, Forty four, Tyler was

27:40

successful and signing with To says

27:42

the Tyler Texas Treaty. That. Promise

27:44

to annex Texas into the Union as a

27:46

territory as soon as the treaty was approved, In

27:50

trade for Texas eating all it's public

27:52

lands, United States Federal government would assume

27:54

up to ten million dollars of Texas.

27:56

His death. The. tree also left

27:58

open the exact now party

34:00

run at the White House. But of all

34:02

people, his nemesis, Andrew Jackson, convinced Tyler

34:04

to back off and throw his support

34:07

behind Polk. During

34:12

the campaign, Henry Clay did his best to

34:14

sidestep the issue of annexation. He was walking

34:16

a delicate line, trying to keep the Whigs

34:19

united. The less he said, the better. But

34:22

on June 8, 1844, President Tyler pressed

34:24

the issue when he tried to push

34:26

through the Texas annexation treaty. The

34:29

treaty itself failed, but it succeeded

34:31

in putting Texas and slavery on the

34:33

ballot. A majority of

34:35

the country wanted to annex Texas, and

34:38

Clay knew it, but he could not

34:40

embrace that position while also appeasing the

34:42

northern anti-slavery faction of his own party.

34:44

In the end, fearing annexation, many

34:46

northern Whigs abandoned Clay for the

34:49

abolitionist Liberty Party and their candidate,

34:51

James G. Burney of New York.

34:54

The Exodus to the Liberty Party cost Clay

34:56

36 electoral votes in

34:58

the election. After the

35:00

election, a little-known Whig congressman from Illinois

35:02

named Abraham Lincoln pined that

35:04

if the Whig abolitionists of New York

35:06

had voted with us, Mr. Clay would

35:08

now be president. Clay

35:10

had run for the office three times in his life.

35:13

This would be his last attempt. Through

35:15

his long congressional tenure, Henry Clay had

35:18

earned the nickname, The Great Compromiser. But

35:20

after the election of 1844, he would

35:22

forever be labeled with another moniker, The

35:25

Great Rejected. On

35:30

December 3rd, the House rescinded the gag

35:32

rule, opening the floor of Congress to

35:34

the discussion of abolition and tearing the

35:36

wound of slavery wide open. On

35:39

December 4th, Democrat James K. Polk was

35:41

officially elected as the 11th president of

35:43

the United States. Out of

35:45

the 42.7 million votes cast, he narrowly defeated

35:47

Clay by 38,000 votes. It was his pro-annexation

35:51

stance that likely pushed him over the

35:53

top. The results of

35:56

the election revealed a nation deeply divided.

36:00

the first in a series of elections where no

36:02

candidate would win a majority of the popular vote,

36:04

a trend that would not be broken until the

36:06

election of 1864. Though

36:09

he did not make a run, John Tyler did

36:11

not go quietly into the night. He

36:13

took the victory of Polk as a mandate that

36:16

the people wanted Texas, and on February 28, 1845,

36:20

six days before Polk's inauguration, President

36:22

Tyler solidified his legacy. He

36:25

circumvented the constitutional requirements for treaty

36:27

ratification by using a joint resolution

36:29

of Congress and passed a treaty

36:31

with a simple majority making Texas

36:34

a U.S. territory. In March

36:36

of 1845, Florida was admitted as

36:38

the 27th state, a slave state. Texas

36:42

too was admitted in December of 1845, further

36:45

shifting the power of the country towards

36:47

the slave holding South. Tyler

36:50

soon retired to his Virginia plantation,

36:52

feeling finally he had succeeded as

36:54

president. He had won the issue

36:56

of Texas, and in so doing he had cost

36:58

his political rival and replayed the White House. And

37:01

at the urging of Andrew Jackson, he had helped

37:03

give the reins of presidential power to James K.

37:05

Polk. But as young Hickory

37:07

ascended to the highest office in the country,

37:09

old Hickory was holding on for dear life.

37:12

In June of 1845, on a

37:15

plantation outside of Nashville, Tennessee, a

37:17

minister stood above an emaciated man

37:19

on his deathbed. As

37:21

the man struggled for each remaining breath, he

37:23

spoke of his legacy. The

37:25

minister asked of him, General Jackson, what would

37:27

you have done as president with Calhoun and

37:29

the other nullifiers if they had kept on?

37:32

Would you have fought your own countrymen? Jackson

37:35

shocked the minister when he replies, I

37:37

would have hung them, sir, as high as Haman.

37:40

They should have been a terror to traitor for

37:42

all time, and posterity would have pronounced it the

37:44

best act of my life. Andrew

37:47

Jackson was many things, but above all,

37:49

he believed in an unbreakable union. On

37:51

June 8, 1845, he died. Modern

37:55

Historians would say it was the two lead

37:57

bullets lodged in his body from duels many

37:59

years past. The finally took his. My.

38:02

Jackson's old wounds. the unanswered question

38:04

of slavery would continue to poison

38:06

the country, some within, until the

38:08

very nation would be fighting for

38:10

last. But. In

38:12

the meantime, Eighteen Forty Five would see

38:14

the nation unite against a common foe.

38:17

The Annexation of Texas made an

38:19

enemy of Mexico and war was.

38:22

Through that conflict in New Gen

38:24

would rise to national same and

38:26

political power. General Zachary Taylor would

38:28

go on to command the battlefield

38:30

and wage and know the election

38:33

of a think. This

38:36

is episodes system needs. American elections.

38:38

We should get eighteen. Forty four

38:41

is accidents. On the

38:43

next episode he watched of Eighteen Forty

38:45

Eight in the wake of war with

38:47

Mexico, Zachary Taylor and The Wigs get

38:49

a helping hand from the Three Soil

38:51

or a third party political movement founded

38:53

in opposition to slavery. a movement defines

38:55

and unlikely leader and former President Martin

38:58

Van Buren. This.

39:03

Episode contains reenactments and dramatize details

39:05

and while in most cases we

39:08

can't know exactly what the set

39:10

all or dramatizations are based on

39:12

historical research, american elections, Wicked Game

39:14

is an airship production posted at

39:17

it is an executive produced by

39:19

me when sequence sound design for

39:21

Derek Parents Music though Instagram to

39:23

executive produced by Stephen Wolfers in

39:25

association with Ritual Productions didn't and

39:28

research by Eric Art show fact

39:30

checking by Greg Jackson to seal

39:32

Salazar from the podcast. History that

39:34

doesn't cysts,