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0:02

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0:25

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0:27

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2:10

is But Why, a podcast for curious

2:12

kids from Vermont Public. I'm

2:15

Jane Lindholm. On this show, we

2:17

take questions from curious kids like you,

2:19

and we find experts with answers. Today,

2:22

we're talking about music and

2:24

primarily answering this question from

2:26

Harlan. I'm seven years old.

2:29

I'm from Buffalo, New York. And

2:32

my question is, how

2:34

are electric guitars made?

2:37

Luckily for you, Harlan, I happen

2:39

to know someone right here in

2:41

Vermont, where we're based, who makes

2:43

electric guitars. I'm Creston Lee,

2:46

and I'm a guitar builder. We're at

2:48

my shop in the south end of Burlington. So

2:55

when I build a guitar, I start by cutting out the

2:57

wood and shaping it just how I want it, and

3:00

then I prepare it to spray paint on it.

3:02

When the paint's all finished, it has to dry

3:04

out for a while, and I polish it, and

3:06

then I put it together and I wire up all the

3:08

electronics, and then I play it to make sure it's just

3:10

right and adjust anything that needs adjusting, and then ship it

3:12

off to somebody so they can have it for the rest

3:14

of their life. Electric guitars,

3:17

the kind you might see played in

3:19

a hard rock band, use electricity and

3:21

an amplifier to make sound. An

3:24

acoustic guitar doesn't need electricity. Acoustic

3:27

guitars are usually made of thin wood that's

3:29

cut and bent into a guitar shape

3:31

with a thin back. They have

3:34

a hollow cavity inside the body. When

3:36

you strike one of the strings with

3:38

your finger or a pluck, the string

3:40

vibrates, and that sound goes into the

3:42

hollow cavity where it reverberates or echoes

3:45

around and is naturally amplified. But

3:47

electric guitars get amplification from an

3:50

electronic amplifier, so they don't have

3:52

to have a hollow body. Both

3:55

electric and acoustic guitars can still use speakers

3:57

to make the volume louder if is

4:00

playing in a big concert hall or

4:02

a stadium. So both of them might

4:05

be wired to make sure that everybody

4:07

in a place can hear them. But

4:09

electric guitars use electric amplification, and acoustic

4:11

guitars use natural amplification by the way

4:14

the body of the guitar is made.

4:17

Now, Harlan's question was about electric guitars,

4:19

so we wanted Creston to explain his

4:21

process to us. At his

4:23

shop, he makes about 60 to 65 guitars

4:26

each year by hand. It

4:28

smells like a wood shop when you walk

4:30

in. You can just smell all of that

4:32

sawdust and wood, which makes sense because he

4:34

makes the guitars out of wood. But

4:37

he's got a room with all kinds of electronics

4:39

too, and a room where he sprays

4:41

color and other coatings onto the guitars. And he even

4:43

has a room where he can plug the guitar in

4:45

and play it to make sure it sounds cool. I

4:48

don't know about you, but I love seeing

4:50

and learning about how things are made. So

4:52

let's go on a tour of Creston's process.

4:54

The guitars that I build tend to

4:56

be made

4:59

of solid chunks of wood for the body

5:01

with a neck attached by screws. Even

5:04

if you aren't very familiar with musical instruments,

5:06

you can probably picture what the body of

5:08

a guitar might be, that rounder, bigger part

5:10

of the instrument. And the neck

5:13

is the long, thin part, kind of like the

5:15

neck of a giraffe maybe. Creston

5:17

has a couple different typical shapes

5:19

for his guitars. When I first

5:22

got started, I would make all kinds of, you

5:24

know, sort of one-off kind of

5:26

shapes. And I decided that I

5:28

wanted all my guitars to be different from each other,

5:30

but I sort of work within maybe

5:33

seven or eight established shapes for the bodies.

5:36

So I have these plywood templates that I've

5:38

made. So your first step is to

5:41

take the wood and then put

5:43

the shape that you're going to cut it out onto it.

5:45

So yeah, I would with a template, I would

5:47

trace the shape on there. And then with my

5:49

band saw, I would roughly

5:52

cut it to size, maybe just like

5:54

a sixteenth or an eighth of an inch oversized. And

5:57

then using that same template taped to the wood,

5:59

I would... and bring it over here to this router

6:01

table and use this

6:04

cutting bit that has two ball bearings on top of

6:07

it so that it rides along the template and the

6:09

blade cut the body or the

6:11

active shape for the plastic parts.

6:21

It's kind of like using a stencil, so you're

6:23

cutting out exactly the shape you want. Once

6:26

Creston has the outline of the guitar, he has

6:28

to use some other saws and tools to

6:30

cut into the wood, to cut holes and grooves

6:32

into the main body. That's to

6:34

make room for the electronic parts. And

6:37

then he's got to make it all very, very smooth.

6:40

Standing by hand, usually

6:42

with sticky back sandpaper on like a rubber

6:44

block or something, and sometimes

6:47

a rasp. Then

6:51

I started the finishing process, which

6:53

means going to my spray room and spraying

6:55

sealers and color, if

6:57

there's color, and then clear coats of lacquer.

6:59

And lacquer is like a kind

7:02

of a shiny finish. Yep, that's right. And

7:04

it's sort of an old-fashioned kind of

7:07

finish that you'd find on

7:09

instruments or furniture or something, you know, 70 years

7:11

ago. And that,

7:13

you know, that takes a while spraying a few

7:15

coats a day for several days,

7:18

and then it gets a little

7:20

bumpy as you apply the coats. People call that

7:22

orange peel because it's got that sort of bumpy

7:24

texture of a citrus skin. So

7:28

when I have the right number of coats on there, I'll

7:30

sand it so it's flat, and then I spray a couple

7:33

more coats of lacquer that's been thinned

7:35

with a lot of lacquer thinner. But

7:38

it's not over yet. And you have to

7:40

sand it with finer and finer sandpaper. And

7:43

from there I take it to a buffing

7:45

wheel, and with two different kind of wax

7:47

polishes, I shine it up so it's really

7:49

glossy most of the time. Right

7:52

here is the room where I polish them, which

7:56

is maybe my least favorite part of the job because

7:59

it's... It's stressful. It's like you've put

8:01

all this work into these guitars. You

8:04

had the very, maybe the very last day before

8:06

you assemble the guitar and then you're standing in

8:08

front of this pedestal buffer with

8:10

two wheels on it and at any

8:13

moment you can burn through the finish and have to

8:15

start over or the wheel can catch the

8:17

guitar and smash it on the floor and you're

8:20

really starting over. How

8:23

often does that happen? Well, knock on

8:25

every piece of wood here. I've

8:27

burned through finishes but I've never had one get

8:29

smashed but pretty much everybody I know who builds guitars

8:32

has that tail of whoa. And

8:36

it's also sort of hard on your body,

8:38

you know, you're holding the thing and it's

8:40

either too high or it's too low and it's tricky

8:42

to feel like you're in a good comfortable posture. So

8:44

I try and do a couple at a time and

8:46

then take a break and do other steps because it's

8:50

really the part I like the least. You

8:53

in this workshop also have some

8:55

guitars hanging up and one of

8:57

them is purple and shiny kind

9:00

of sparkly and we're standing in front of

9:02

what looks like a big container

9:04

of glitter. This

9:06

sounds like you're just having fun playing,

9:08

making things, painting, using glitter. I mean

9:11

this doesn't even sound like an adult

9:13

job. Some parts of

9:15

it feels like playing around in a sandbox.

9:17

The glitter, I really love these Metal Flakes

9:20

finishes but it's, when

9:22

people order them I have this conflicting emotion

9:24

of like I'm so excited to spray a

9:26

gold flake all over

9:28

something but it's such a nightmare to

9:30

keep those flakes out of every other

9:33

guitar's finish. So I

9:35

actually now have two spray rooms and one's just for

9:37

Metal Flake which is sort of

9:39

an embarrassment of riches but it's so nice to

9:41

be able to just spray and then shut the

9:43

door and walk away until I'm psychically strong enough

9:45

to go in there and clean up because it's

9:47

really, really, really messy. So

9:49

what I'm hearing is for any of the adults

9:51

who are listening, what we need is not to

9:53

ban glitter from our homes but just to have

9:55

a separate glitter room. You need a whole separate house,

9:58

that's the glitter house and then before you go at

10:00

home to your other house, you need to spray

10:02

yourself off with air hose and then vacuum your clothes

10:04

and then leave all your clothes at the front door

10:06

before you go in because it

10:08

gets everywhere. I went to the dentist recently and

10:10

she was working on my teeth and she said,

10:12

is there a reason why you have glitter all

10:16

over the back of your neck and up

10:18

your head? I said, yes, because yesterday I

10:20

was painting a guitar with glitter. Okay,

10:39

so now we know how the woodworking part of

10:41

the guitar making goes. Next up, we

10:44

need the electric components and, oh

10:46

yeah, strings. This

10:50

is But Why and today we're learning

10:52

how guitar maker Creston Lee makes his

10:54

much sought after electric guitars. If

11:03

I keep shaking it, you can't tell if I'm out of tune or not. We

11:15

visited him in his workshop in Burlington, Vermont a

11:17

few weeks ago so we could really see what

11:19

the process is like. Since

11:22

Creston has built the base of the guitar, there's still

11:24

a long way to go before someone can play it.

11:27

At this point, it's basically just a cool

11:29

looking piece of furniture. But

11:31

it still doesn't have any strings and it wouldn't

11:33

be an electric guitar without electronics of

11:36

course. So we walked

11:38

across the hall to a room that

11:40

had a whole wall of shelves filled

11:42

with little red labeled containers. This is

11:44

where I do all the wiring and

11:46

the final assembly stuff. So I have these

11:49

racks over here with all the different electronic

11:51

components, the potentiometers

11:53

which are the electronic part

11:55

underneath the volume or tone knob on

11:58

an instrument. and

12:01

resistors and capacitors and switches and all

12:04

the little pieces like that and these

12:07

bins that have the name of the client on them

12:09

and those bins hold all the parts

12:11

on need for the final assembly. Yeah,

12:14

this room kind of looks like your

12:16

ultimate Lego fans room

12:18

where it has little bins and you could

12:20

put all of the different Lego parts or

12:22

each different color in them or a

12:26

space to put all of your crafting crafty stuff.

12:28

I think I have all these a couple of

12:30

bins with lots of different plastic knobs in them

12:32

because in many

12:34

cases, I don't know what knobs will look best on

12:36

the guitar until it's completely

12:39

finished everything else, you know, often the very last step

12:41

of making the guitars picking out the right knobs

12:43

so I'm trying to keep a lot of those on hand so I have a

12:46

lot to choose from. Can

12:48

you say some of the names of some of the

12:50

things in here? Because I'm seeing some ones that I

12:52

really like the names of it just looking at them

12:54

and saying them would be fun. One of

12:56

my favorites is the bin that says switchcraft, which

12:58

is a that's a brand that's been around for

13:00

a really long time that makes switches

13:02

among other things. But

13:05

I like that if you get rid of the S it's a witchcraft

13:08

and then there's three-way

13:10

switches and five-way switches. There's

13:12

some four-way switches. There's

13:15

all the potentiometers that control the volume

13:18

or the tone. I was

13:20

looking at neck plates. I like the idea

13:22

of neck plates and electro sockets and then

13:24

I was in using

13:26

myself wondering whether that

13:29

bin you say multimeters or multimeters because it

13:31

could go either way and then one I

13:33

saw is a mastery but

13:35

for a minute I thought it was mystery and that was

13:37

my favorite box. I say

13:39

multimeter, but I think maybe if you're British you

13:42

say multimeter. Mastery is

13:44

a brand that makes bridges

13:47

and vibratos that I use and the

13:50

bridge is the part that the that's

13:53

on the body the string passes over that

13:55

and every guitar has a bridge. And

13:59

that's Now the two contact points

14:01

of the string are the nut that's out at

14:03

the far end of the neck and then the

14:05

bridge and the string rings between those

14:07

two points. So Maastry makes

14:10

a kind of bridge that I use

14:12

a lot and the vibratos they use, that's a piece

14:14

that sits behind the bridge and the strings anchor in

14:16

that and it has a handle that comes out from

14:18

it that's attached to a spring and if you wiggle the handle it

14:21

wiggles the strings and it wiggles the sound. So

14:24

this is, you're doing the electrics in here.

14:26

Yeah, yeah this is where

14:28

I do all the wiring,

14:30

all the assembly and then once it's all

14:32

put together and I tune it all up and all the

14:34

measurements are just right then I bring it over to one

14:37

of these amplifiers and I plug it in and

14:39

make sure it works and get to hear how it sounds for the

14:41

first time which is always fun and then I can sit

14:44

there and play it for a while and with a screwdriver we'll meddle

14:47

around with the electronics and how close they

14:49

are to the strings and get

14:52

it just where I like it and then it's

14:54

finished. Does it feel like that

14:56

first moment where you plug it into the amplifier and you

14:58

get to hear what

15:00

all of this physical work

15:03

sounds like? It's fun because I, you know all

15:06

the guitars I make are different but I've

15:09

used all the different components so many different times that

15:11

I sort of know what to expect but it's always

15:13

just a tiny bit different you know so it's a

15:15

little bit of a surprise like I just

15:17

made two guitars, the

15:19

necks were both cut from the same piece

15:22

of wood, the two bodies maybe

15:24

were from the same plank and

15:28

they're identical except for one

15:30

little detail but they

15:32

sound a little different you know every guitar just sounds

15:34

a little different than every other guitar so it's always

15:36

fun to see where it's going to

15:39

land. Do

15:41

you have to be a guitar player to be a

15:43

guitar maker? No, in fact

15:45

there's kind of a long tradition of people

15:47

who don't play guitar making guitars so it's

15:49

hard to explain why that is I don't

15:51

know why they would want to spend their

15:54

lives doing something but I

15:56

know a bunch of guitar builders who

15:58

don't play and It's

16:00

certainly along with the rich history of those two.

16:03

Did you start making guitars because you were

16:05

a guitar player or a woodworker or both?

16:08

I was doing both before and then

16:10

the two interests merged and it

16:13

never occurred to me that I could do this until I

16:15

started doing it. I'm

16:30

a guitar player. Hi,

16:45

my name is Ruby. I'm

16:47

six-year-old and I live in University

16:50

Park, Maryland, and I want to know

16:52

how they

16:54

make guitar strings. Good

16:57

question. Well,

16:59

I know a guy who makes strings and the way

17:01

that he does it is on a lathe, which is

17:03

a tool that is most commonly used for wood or

17:05

metal. And it's like

17:08

a motor on one side

17:10

and a spindle on the

17:12

other side. So

17:14

these are strings. You're taking a

17:16

long wire, long

17:19

thin wire, and you're stretching it between two points on

17:21

a lathe and they both spin. And

17:23

then another wire is wrapped

17:25

around that core wire really tightly. So

17:27

it's a tight coil. It goes the

17:29

whole length of that core and

17:32

then it's sort of wrapped in the end so

17:34

it doesn't unfurl. And

17:37

one end on

17:39

most guitar strings has

17:41

a, what they call it the ball

17:43

end. It's not actually a round ball. It's a

17:45

little tiny ring that the string wraps

17:48

around. And that anchors the string

17:50

either inside of an acoustic guitar

17:52

or in the bridge of an

17:54

electric guitar. And why

17:56

are the strings different with the

17:58

different I guess we'd

18:01

call them not a wit, the circumference engaged. Yeah,

18:03

it's like some of them are thicker, and they

18:05

go thick to thin or thin to thick, depending

18:07

on how you're looking. The thicker they are,

18:09

the lower the note. So like on this

18:11

guitar, that's the lower. That's

18:14

the thickest string, and then the thinnest string is

18:17

the one that's tuned to the higher pitch. And

18:19

how do you tune the strings or

18:22

tune the guitar? Because you have to,

18:24

some people might know or have seen

18:26

somebody tuning a guitar, and

18:28

their hand's right up at the very top of the neck,

18:30

and they're turning some knobs. So what are you doing and

18:32

how does it work? Yeah, on most guitars,

18:34

so the ball end of the string is

18:36

anchored down by the bridge, and

18:39

then the other end goes around a post that's

18:41

attached to a gear that's

18:43

attached to a little handle. So like, if

18:45

you turn that. ["Guitar

18:47

Tunes"] And

18:53

you can turn that little handle, the knob,

18:56

which turns the post, and you get it to just the right pitch

18:58

so all the strings sound right together. How

19:00

do you do that? Some people can do it in

19:02

their heads, and some people use a little pitch pipe.

19:05

Yep, well I don't use either one. I

19:07

plug mine into an electric tuner that

19:09

tells me if I've got it just right. But

19:12

I've worked on enough guitars that, I

19:15

don't know that my pitch is super great, but I

19:17

sort of, somehow between the feel and everything else, I

19:19

usually can come pretty close before I plug it into

19:21

the tuner. Okay, so once

19:23

you've got a guitar all tuned, how do you play

19:26

it? Because you're not just strumming those six strings. No,

19:28

you have to get your fingers all in just

19:30

the right place, and that's the hard

19:32

part of learning to play

19:35

guitars. You know, it feels super awkward

19:37

at first, and it's frustrating because it

19:39

seems like everybody you know plays guitar, so it

19:41

should be easy, but it's, I

19:43

mean, you can mix up some

19:45

cool sounds pretty quickly if you're learning

19:47

to play guitar, but to really get comfortable with your

19:49

fingers on the strings and holding them

19:51

down just right so all the notes ring out perfectly,

19:54

that takes a little while. It

19:56

takes a little while to learn how to just hold a guitar so that it's not

19:58

uncomfortable. That's in some ways the hardest. I

20:00

think for a beginner. But

20:03

you can, if you hold up several

20:05

strings down and strum

20:08

them, then you have a chord, different notes that

20:10

sound good together, or if you just play

20:14

sort of one note at a time, you can play a melody that

20:16

way. So one of

20:18

your hands is strum, usually is

20:20

strumming the strings, and sometimes you

20:22

do that with a little device,

20:25

or sometimes you can do it with your fingers. And

20:27

then your other hand is the one

20:30

that is moving up and down the

20:32

neck to change what notes the strings

20:34

are making, right? Yeah, so the string

20:36

is anchored between the bridge

20:38

and the nut. Those are the two points that the string

20:41

vibrates between those two points. But

20:44

the nut is like if... That's

20:47

just the string played open, meaning I'm not using my

20:50

left hand at all to hold it down. But

20:53

then if I put my finger on you, my

20:58

finger sort of becomes the nut.

21:01

So as you move along and there's

21:03

these little bars that go across the

21:05

fretboard, like out-fretts,

21:07

and each one of those, that's

21:11

the point that the string then rings

21:13

between the bridge and that fret, whichever fret you're

21:15

pressing. So the higher up you do, the higher the...

21:19

the higher up the pitch, and the

21:21

lowest each string goes is just played open, or it's

21:23

ringing off the nut. And then

21:25

you can decide if what kind of

21:28

style you're playing in, whether you want that to

21:30

slide up and down, or go note by note

21:32

by note. I mean, that's all part of the

21:34

art of playing, right? Yeah, and that's how

21:36

every player sort of expresses themselves differently

21:39

and sounds like themselves, not like everybody else. So

21:42

that's how a string is made and how it makes

21:44

noise. The thinnest strings tend

21:46

to be just one bare wire, and

21:48

then the thicker strings are the ones

21:50

that have those other wires coiled around

21:52

them. So now we know a little

21:55

bit about that part. And here's one more

21:57

question to help us wrap it all up. I'm

22:00

from Ireland, my age

22:02

is four, and

22:05

my question is how does guitars work?

22:07

Yeah, we've spent a lot of time

22:09

learning about how an electric guitar is

22:12

made, but how does it actually make

22:14

the sound? Well, one thing a

22:16

lot of people wonder about is sort

22:18

of how

22:20

the sound of this plinky little string like this is

22:22

what the amplifier turned off isn't

22:25

very loud, and then if you turn

22:28

it up, be

22:31

as loud as you want to be, you know, you can shake

22:33

the house down. And that's these

22:35

things that are called pickups that sit on the body of

22:38

the guitar, and there's all kinds

22:40

of different pickups. You could put a pickup in

22:42

an acoustic guitar or any

22:45

kind of guitar. It can be

22:47

amplified, and the

22:49

pickups are magnets with wires wrapped

22:51

around them. And

22:54

if you've ever messed around with a magnet, you

22:56

know that you can feel it pulling on something

22:58

before it actually makes contact with a piece

23:01

of metal. So that's a

23:03

magnetic field. So the magnets have kind

23:05

of an invisible cloud around them that's

23:07

magnetized. So the strings all pass

23:09

through this magnetic field, and sort

23:11

of the magic of an electric guitar or any guitar with a

23:14

pickup is when you pluck

23:16

the string and it vibrates, it kind of disturbs

23:18

that invisible cloud, and

23:20

that gets that disturbance gets kind

23:22

of read by the

23:25

tiny little wires that are wrapped around the

23:27

magnet, and that's sent out to the output

23:29

jack of the guitar through a cable into

23:31

an amplifier, which takes that tiny, tiny little

23:33

signal and amplifies it and blows it

23:35

up so it's a big sound. Is

23:38

there a difference between an amplifier and a speaker,

23:40

or could we kind of say an amplifier is

23:42

like a speaker? An amplifier is

23:46

the part that sort of gives power to that

23:48

little electronic impulse and

23:51

makes it bigger, and the speaker is the part that actually

23:55

sends it out into the world so you can hear it. But

23:58

when you see some guys... like parading around

24:00

on a stage in like leather pants, you

24:02

know, and a giant wall of amplifiers making

24:05

all this huge sound. The actual

24:07

sound this guitar is making is this tiny,

24:09

tiny, tiny little like mousy squeak that that

24:11

amplifier is turning into this, you

24:13

know, thunderstorm. Ooh,

24:16

I love that idea of thinking about

24:18

playing an electric guitar like a thunderstorm.

24:40

I hope you enjoyed learning a little bit about how

24:42

electric guitars are made. Creston says if

24:44

you want to learn how to make guitars yourself, there

24:46

are lots of great books you can use and

24:49

some schools you could even go to. He

24:51

says the internet can be great too, but there

24:53

are a lot of people who know a little

24:55

bit about guitars who try to tell you they

24:58

know a lot. So find someone that you trust

25:00

to give you good advice. Also,

25:02

if your high school has a wood shop, you

25:04

might want to learn some basic woodworking skills when

25:06

you get into high school. And

25:09

if there are any loose ears, people

25:11

who make stringed instruments who live or

25:13

work around you, see if they'll let you

25:15

check out their studio like Creston did with us.

25:18

Oh, and if you want to see

25:20

what some of Creston's guitars look and

25:22

sound like, have an adult help you

25:24

check out our Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, or

25:26

YouTube pages. Now

25:28

you know the drill. If you have a

25:31

question about anything, send it to us. We

25:33

love to help get answers to all kinds

25:35

of questions. Ask an adult

25:37

to help you record yourself asking your

25:40

question and then have them send the

25:42

audio file to questions at butwhykids.org. You

25:45

can also tell them they can just go online

25:47

to our website, butwhykids.org, and we have a form

25:49

they can fill out and download the file right

25:51

there. The But Why team

25:54

includes Melody Baudette, Keanu Haskin, and me,

25:56

Jane Lindholm. Our show is produced

25:58

at Vermont Public and we're distributing. by

26:00

PRX. Our theme music is by Luke

26:02

Reynolds. We'll be back in two

26:04

weeks with an all-new episode. Until

26:07

then, stay curious! If

26:25

you're on the hunt for the perfect holiday

26:28

gift for the kids in your life this

26:30

season, don't forget But Why has books! They're

26:33

great for independent readers or for adults to

26:35

read to younger kids. So if

26:37

you and your kids would like to

26:39

know what animal can regenerate its limbs

26:41

better than almost any other animal in

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the world, or what jellyfish

26:45

are actually made out of, get your

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hands on Do Fish Breathe Underwater? Our

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26:52

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that case, try Are Llamas Ticklish?

26:57

You can find our books at your local

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bookstore or online, and you can learn more at butwhykids.org

27:02

books.