Neuroinflammatory: Neuroinflammatory Diseases in Rheumatology - Cleveland Clinic: Rheumatic diseases traditionally involve a wide variety of peripheral target organs. Involvement of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems are traditionally among the most difficult and challenging to diagnose and treat. Advances in neuroscience in the past several years have shed new light on many of these CNS and PNS manifestations, and it is clinically important that rheumatologists be able to incorporate these data into their approach to diagnosing and managing patients with these complications.