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1:28

Rachel Wright and in the early hours of

1:30

Friday the 28th of June these are our

1:32

main stories. Joe Biden and

1:34

Donald Trump are preparing for the

1:36

first televised debate of their latest

1:38

US presidential race. US

1:40

Supreme Court judges have rejected

1:42

a multi-billion dollar bankruptcy deal

1:45

linked to the country's opioid

1:47

epidemic. Kenya's High Court

1:49

has upheld a decision to deploy the

1:51

military to quell mass demonstrations in which

1:53

more than 20 people have

1:55

been killed. Also

1:59

in the this podcast. The

2:01

International Space Station is a state

2:03

of the art microgravity laboratory that

2:06

is unlocking discoveries not possible on

2:08

Earth and helping us... But

2:10

it's also very old. So what will

2:12

NASA do with it? We

2:19

begin in the United States and as

2:21

we record this podcast, final preparations are

2:24

in place in the city of Atlanta

2:26

where the two main contenders for this

2:28

year's presidential election will compete in a

2:30

TV debate. It will be

2:33

the first time a sitting US president

2:35

has held a debate with his predecessor

2:37

and also the first face-to-face meeting between

2:39

Joe Biden and Donald Trump in four

2:41

years. If their previous encounters

2:43

are anything to go by then this

2:45

CNN debate in Atlanta will not be

2:48

pretty. The BBC's Katrina Perry

2:50

is in the city and explains

2:52

the complexity of the television debating

2:54

format. It's going to be

2:57

very different. I can't overstate that really.

2:59

They're used to what they did in 2020

3:01

with an audience but also they both came

3:03

through primary debates that time round as well

3:05

where there were other candidates and live audiences

3:07

and that's what they're used to. They haven't

3:10

done any debating at all since then. Now

3:12

they're going to be in a studio with

3:14

two moderators. It'll be a far more intense

3:16

environment as well because there won't be those

3:18

kind of pauses that the whooping and hollering

3:20

that an audience gives to you allows and

3:22

you have to wait for it all to

3:24

die down and so on. The

3:26

moderators will be able to push back with

3:28

follow-ups if they want. The way it's going

3:30

to work is time-wise. For each answer the

3:32

candidates will be given two minutes and there

3:35

will be lights that will tick down on

3:37

their screen in front of them and on

3:39

the camera so they'll know that their mic

3:41

is about to be muted. At the end

3:43

of that two minutes the opposite number will

3:45

have one minute to rebut and again the

3:47

same tick-tocking light system will be visible to

3:50

them and they'll know they're about to be

3:52

muted. And then at the moderator's discretion there

3:54

can be an additional one minute if they

3:56

want to follow-up or push back. So that

3:58

could allow for a bit more needed.

12:01

In a war zone where people cannot

12:03

escape, you can very well imagine

12:05

that there are a huge number

12:07

of people who need medical help, whether

12:09

it's through chronic disease and they needed

12:12

dialysis or whether it's from wound sustain,

12:14

from amputation. There are a lot of

12:16

people who need help. Very

12:18

few have been fortunate enough to be

12:20

evacuated compared to what is likely a

12:23

very big number, but you know the

12:25

Rafa crossing remains closed for intents and

12:27

purposes, so it's a very challenging situation.

12:30

Meanwhile, Israel has mounted an operation

12:32

against Hamas fighters in the Shajiah

12:34

district and have told Palestinians to

12:37

leave the area. Emergency services

12:39

in Gaza say at least seven people

12:41

have been killed so far and there

12:43

are fears that more people may be

12:45

buried beneath the rubble. Our

12:48

Middle East analyst, Sebastian Asher, reports

12:50

from Jerusalem. Residents in

12:52

the Shajiah neighborhood in Gaza City

12:54

say that there was the sound

12:56

of tanks approaching and firing in

12:58

the early afternoon after overnight bombing.

13:00

The Israeli army issued an order

13:02

for people in the area to

13:04

evacuate and head south down the

13:06

main highway in Gaza. That route

13:08

was taken in the early weeks

13:10

of the war by hundreds of

13:12

thousands of Palestinians seeking safety as

13:14

Gaza City was the first focus

13:16

of Israel's offensive against Hamas. Once

13:19

again, men, women and children carrying

13:21

food and bags are making that

13:23

journey. The Israeli Prime Minister

13:26

Benjamin Netanyahu has said the intense phase

13:28

of Israel's war against Hamas is now

13:30

nearing its end, but the ability of

13:32

Palestinian fighters to regroup in areas of

13:34

Gaza from which they were driven out

13:37

months ago means the conflict is likely

13:39

to continue for the foreseeable future. One

13:42

resident in Shajiah said the death and

13:44

sound of bombing made it feel as

13:46

if the war was restarting. Sebastian

13:49

Asher, next to space. The

13:53

International Space Station is a state-of-the-art

13:55

microgravity laboratory that is unlocking discoveries

13:58

not possible on Earth. and

14:00

helping us push farther into deep space. Every

14:03

single day we are answering big questions

14:05

about Earth and about space, about where

14:07

we came from and about where we're

14:09

going. A

14:12

video by NASA there promoting the

14:14

International Space Station. It currently circles

14:17

the Earth every 90 minutes at

14:19

an altitude just above 400 kilometers

14:22

with a speed of 28,000 kilometers an hour. But

14:26

like most things it's aging, so what do

14:28

you do with it? Well, you can either

14:31

leave it to crash down on its own

14:33

and just pray it doesn't hit anyone, or

14:35

you can try and guide it

14:38

down with another so-called tugboat type

14:40

spacecraft and ensure it goes somewhere

14:43

safe. NASA has decided

14:45

to engage Elon Musk's SpaceX company

14:47

to help. Our science correspondent

14:49

Jonathan Amos told me more about it.

14:52

The first elements of the space station were put up in

14:54

1998 and we've

14:56

been living in space permanently since

14:58

2000. That's

15:01

quite a while now, isn't it? It's 24 years. Like

15:05

everything, eventually it's going

15:07

to have problems. It's getting a

15:09

bit rusty. You

15:12

can repair bits, you can exchange

15:14

components, but the central core, they

15:16

can't do much about that. It's

15:18

going to have an end of

15:20

life, and so they're having to

15:22

prepare for that day. And

15:24

currently the partners on the space station,

15:26

so that's the United States, NASA, European

15:29

Space Agency, the Canadian Space Agency,

15:31

and the Japanese Space Agency with

15:34

Russia, they've kind of agreed

15:36

to keep running the space station until the

15:38

end of the decade, and then

15:40

they're looking to get out and do different

15:42

things. And the question is, what do you

15:44

do with the space station when you get

15:46

to that point? They can't just leave it

15:48

circling the Earth, because eventually it'll fall into

15:51

the atmosphere, and it's big. It's 430 tons, it's

15:53

the size of a football pitch. That's

15:56

going to cause quite a bit of damage

15:58

unless they do it in a better way.

16:01

safer, more calculated way. So currently if they

16:03

left it, it would just, it could land

16:05

anywhere. Could land anywhere. But so that's why

16:07

they've given it to Elon Musk, I assume.

16:10

And so why have they given it to him? And

16:12

what's he going to do? So they're giving him a

16:15

contract of about $800 million

16:17

to build a spacecraft, if you

16:19

like, a tugboat. And

16:21

they will allow the space station to

16:23

gradually come down to decay. It's all

16:25

a bit over time as it sort

16:27

of brushes through the top of the

16:29

atmosphere. When it gets to the point

16:32

where it's about to plunge into the

16:34

atmosphere, they will then use this spacecraft

16:36

to guide it, to push it to

16:38

a specific location. It's called Point Nemo.

16:40

It's a really remote part of the

16:43

Pacific Ocean. It's about two and a

16:45

half thousand kilometers from any land. And

16:47

those parts that do survive will crash

16:50

into the ocean and will go to

16:52

the sea floor never to be seen

16:54

again. What if this is likely to

16:56

replace it then? What's going to happen

16:58

instead? Well, the hope is that by

17:00

the time of this fireworks display in

17:02

the sky, because it will be spectacular,

17:05

they will hope by that stage

17:08

there will be commercial space stations up there. So there's

17:10

a number of industrial consortia

17:13

now that are looking at

17:15

building and launching individual space

17:17

stations. They'll be run on

17:19

a commercial basis. So, you

17:21

know, individuals can purchase a

17:23

hotel stay, if we can call it that.

17:26

That will be the future. And then the

17:28

big space agencies, they're going to go off

17:30

and build a space station around the moon.

17:32

So it's a shift in focus. And

17:34

will you be buying a ticket, Jonathan? I

17:37

don't know. If there's a few space stations

17:40

up there, there'll be a bit of competition.

17:42

There may be lots of different rockets, capsules.

17:45

Maybe the ticket prices will come

17:47

down. Our science

17:49

correspondent and space enthusiast, Jonathan

17:51

Amos. Still

17:55

to come? My guess was

17:57

number one is human, number two is

17:59

our... I also concluded to

18:01

the point where I was prepared to

18:04

put money on number one being human

18:06

and number two Being

18:08

computer generated how much of a

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cast Collider

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says Britbox has TV everyone should

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trial at britbox.com you Three

19:31

days ago Ukraine began formal membership

19:33

talks with the European Union on

19:36

Thursday it got another big boost

19:38

by signing a long-term agreement with

19:40

the EU Designed to help

19:42

it defend itself against the Russian invasion The

19:46

security pact was signed off at a

19:48

summit of EU leaders in Brussels that

19:50

was attended by Ukraine's president Vladimir Zelensky

19:53

Member States are also discussed how

19:55

best to use proceeds from frozen

19:58

Russian assets to help Ukraine address

20:01

the 27-member bloc, Mr Zelensky

20:03

thanked them for their ongoing

20:05

support. I'm grateful for

20:07

the decision that provide Ukraine with

20:10

the financial resources from frozen Russian

20:12

assets. It's fair that the assets

20:14

of the terrorist state work to

20:17

protect Ukraine suffering from

20:19

Russian terror and we must find

20:21

the right way to confiscate

20:23

all these assets. Our

20:25

correspondent at that summit in Brussels, Bethany

20:28

Bell, told me more about what's been

20:30

agreed. It's a deal

20:32

that could potentially go up to 10

20:34

years. It's a commitment by

20:36

the EU to help Ukraine in

20:39

nine areas of security and defence

20:41

policy and that includes things like

20:44

arms deliveries, it includes

20:46

military training, defence

20:48

industry cooperation and demining.

20:52

This whole support for Ukraine

20:54

is really part of a

20:56

broader effort by Ukraine's allies

20:58

here in Europe to provide

21:01

assurances that they will stand by

21:03

Kiev for the long haul. They

21:05

didn't give a detail of just

21:07

how much they'll be giving Ukraine

21:09

but they were really trying to

21:11

send signals of support at a

21:13

time which is potentially quite complicated

21:15

because the revolving presidency of

21:17

the European Council is about to

21:19

change to Hungary and there

21:22

is a reminder that Hungary is still

21:24

blocking 6.6 billion

21:27

euros in military aid for

21:29

Ukraine but today there was

21:31

a sense of solidarity. Bethany

21:33

Bell. The US President Joe

21:35

Biden has pardoned thousands of US

21:37

veterans convicted under now repealed anti-gay

21:39

laws. The pardon applies to those

21:42

who were convicted of engaging in

21:44

gay sex between 1951 and 2013.

21:46

The White House says the move

21:48

will impact about 2,000 former

21:53

service members. Those pardoned

21:55

could now begin receiving benefits for

21:57

which their convictions made them ineligible.

22:00

But they will not be compensated for

22:02

benefits they've already missed out on. And

22:05

some aren't hopeful this will work in

22:07

their favour, like Mona McGuire and Carla

22:10

Lehman, who were discharged in the late

22:12

80s when their relationship was discovered. Carla

22:15

is in the state of Michigan

22:17

and Mona is in Milwaukee. Victoria

22:20

Uincunda first spoke to Mona. I

22:23

think it's a good step going

22:25

forward. It's a small step. We

22:27

still have to apply for a

22:29

pardon and you still have to

22:32

be reviewed by the board and

22:35

they still have to approve the

22:37

pardon. So it's not a final

22:39

done deal, but it is a

22:41

tiny step forward. What about you

22:43

Carla? Yeah, I agree with

22:45

Mona. I feel like it's a great

22:48

step, but there are still a lot

22:50

of hoops to jump through. And for

22:52

Mona and I, we're not sure if

22:54

we're going to qualify or not. Our

22:56

circumstances are a little bit different. We

22:58

weren't convicted of a crime. We pled

23:01

to the crime. We admitted that we

23:03

were gay and as such we took a discharge.

23:10

So we weren't actually convicted. We opted not to

23:12

go to court. And so

23:14

we don't know if this pardon

23:16

applies to us. We're just not

23:18

sure and neither is our attorney.

23:21

And so that takes us now

23:23

into hearing your story, how the

23:25

decriminalization of same-sex relationships affected you.

23:27

If I may just speak from

23:29

you, Carla. It was hard when

23:31

we first got out of the

23:34

military was the whole effect of

23:36

having to explain to your family

23:39

what had happened. I didn't know

23:41

I was gay when I joined

23:43

the military. And so not only

23:45

now did I have to out

23:47

myself, but I also had to

23:49

explain why I was coming home

23:51

and why I really failed in

23:53

my military career. And so

23:55

that was really difficult. And then when we

23:57

first started applying for jobs, when we got

23:59

back home. I struggled. The first

24:02

job I applied for with a law

24:04

enforcement agency, I scored top of the

24:06

list, but they passed me over initially

24:08

to wait for a ruling from the

24:10

Department of Justice as to whether or

24:12

not I had been convicted of a

24:14

crime or not. Ultimately, that agency didn't

24:16

hire me. I got into a different

24:19

agency. There were times of just complete

24:21

humiliation when you get interviewed for those

24:23

jobs. They talk about your military discharge

24:25

and you have to lay out what

24:28

happened to you and why. It

24:30

just was really humiliating at times

24:32

and a struggle to talk to

24:35

my family about, especially my grandfather

24:37

who had been military and really

24:40

wasn't understanding what was happening. What

24:42

about you, Mona? How was it

24:44

being kicked out of the Army,

24:47

being discharged? Very similar, definitely humiliating,

24:49

embarrassing. At our

24:51

discharge station, once the paperwork

24:53

was final, they said, okay,

24:55

bye-bye. You're on your own.

24:57

Go home. We had

25:00

really no money to go home. We're 19,

25:02

20 years old. We're trying to struggle. Do

25:04

we take

25:07

a bus? Do we take a plane? Then

25:09

again, when we get home, when I got

25:11

home, I had not really

25:13

spoken to my family while I was

25:16

in Germany. Just the opportunity wasn't

25:18

there. The one or

25:20

two times I had spoken to my family,

25:22

they thought everything was great because everything was

25:24

great in the beginning. Then

25:27

all of a sudden, I show

25:29

up on the front door knocking,

25:31

hey, Mom, let me in. They're

25:33

confused. Why are you here? You

25:35

were in Germany. What's going on?

25:37

Now we're having to tell an

25:40

embarrassing, humiliating story. Do you think

25:42

the military culture has changed since both

25:44

of you served, if I may start

25:46

with you, Carla? It's hard because I'm

25:48

a little detached from it in the

25:51

sense of the day-to-day operations and such.

25:53

If I have to judge based on

25:55

what we're going through right now, I

25:57

kind of have to say no. It

25:59

hasn't changed for us. Now, people who

26:01

are active duty may be living a

26:03

different experience. Post, don't ask, don't tell.

26:05

But for me, it's kind of the

26:07

same as it was when I left.

26:09

I can't get this discharge upgraded. And

26:12

it's really, really frustrating. What about

26:14

you, Mona? I absolutely

26:16

agree. I'm a dispatch from

26:18

it as well. So

26:20

I don't know a whole lot of

26:23

what goes on in today's military. But

26:25

if you just overhear people talking

26:28

in the office, it doesn't sound

26:30

like it has changed much for

26:32

females serving in the military. Mona

26:35

McGuire and before her, Carla Lehman.

26:38

The International Union for Conservation of

26:40

Nature has added the world's smallest

26:42

elephant to its list of endangered

26:44

species. It says there are

26:47

now fewer than 1,000 Bornean elephants

26:49

in the wild because nearly all

26:51

of their habitats on the island

26:53

of Borneo have been lost to

26:55

deforestation. It's hoped the

26:57

warning will boost efforts to conserve the

26:59

animals, as our environment correspondent Helen Briggs

27:01

has been finding out. The

27:09

sound of elephants crunching over the forest

27:11

floor on the island of Borneo. These

27:14

animals are special in many ways,

27:16

from their diminutive size, roughly eight

27:18

to nine feet tall, to their

27:21

playful nature and baby faces. But

27:23

numbers are in decline, as forests are

27:26

chopped down to make way for palm

27:28

oil, timber and other crops, destroying much

27:30

of their natural habitat and bringing them

27:33

into conflict with humans. Now,

27:35

the elephants have been classed as

27:37

endangered on the red list, which

27:39

conservationists hope will draw attention to

27:41

its plight. Professor Adrian

27:43

Lister of the Natural History Museum in

27:46

London is among researchers studying the unique

27:48

genetic heritage of the elephants. We hope

27:50

that by getting the Borneo elephants onto

27:53

the red list, that will galvanise the

27:55

efforts for their conservation to protect their

27:57

habitat because the The authorities will now

27:59

see that the eyes of the world

28:02

are on this species. Experts

28:04

say the best hope for the

28:06

long-term survival of the elephants is

28:09

to create and maintain wildlife corridors

28:11

in the forests, allowing them to

28:13

roam freely without straying into human

28:15

areas in search of food. Alan

28:18

Briggs. Most people

28:20

are proud of their hometown or city,

28:23

but it appears that some are better

28:25

than others, at least according to the

28:27

Global Livability Index, which has published its

28:29

annual list of most liveable cities. And

28:32

yet again, the Austrian capital Vienna

28:34

has come out on top and

28:36

Damascus in Syria came bottom. The

28:39

survey measured a number of factors that determine

28:41

how easy life is in 173 cities around

28:45

the world. Harry Bly has been looking

28:48

at the leaderboard. For

28:50

each city, the Economist Intelligence Unit

28:52

assesses 30 indicators that

28:54

are divided into five categories.

28:57

Stability, looking at the prevalence of

28:59

crime, the terror threat, and civil

29:02

unrest. Healthcare and

29:04

education, the availability and quality

29:06

of both. Culture

29:08

and environment, which examines how comfortable

29:10

the climate is, the level of

29:13

corruption, censorship, food and drink, and

29:15

how available goods and services are.

29:18

And infrastructure, looking at

29:20

housing, the quality of

29:22

roads, public transport, water,

29:24

energy and telecommunications. Ratings

29:27

are compiled and weighted, and the city is

29:29

given a score out of 100. Western

29:32

Europe as a whole was the best-performing region,

29:34

with an average of 92 points, though this

29:37

is down on last year's average, thought

29:40

to be due to a drop in

29:42

stability from an increase in the number

29:44

of disruptive protests across several countries. At

29:47

the top of the list, Vienna, which

29:49

received top marks for four out of

29:52

the five categories. It's the

29:54

most liveable city, and not for the first

29:56

time. It's taken the title for the past

29:58

two years, as from

30:00

2018 to 2020. The biggest change

30:03

compared to last year was Tel

30:05

Aviv in Israel, which dropped 20

30:07

places to 112. In last

30:10

place was Damascus, deemed the

30:12

least liveable city following years

30:14

of civil war and residual

30:17

instability. Harry Bly. Now,

30:19

how much of a threat to

30:22

education and crucially the assessment of

30:24

students with exams and coursework is

30:26

artificial intelligence or AI? Well,

30:29

that was the question in the minds

30:31

of researchers at the University of Reading

30:33

here in the UK when they set

30:35

about comparing the work of real students

30:37

with that generated by AI. They

30:40

found exam essays written using

30:42

AI consistently scored higher than

30:44

those written by mere humans.

30:47

Rebecca Kesby spoke to the co-author

30:49

of the study, associate professor Peter

30:51

Scarf. So how much better

30:53

did AI do? Peter

30:56

Scarf 100% AI written answers

30:58

gained higher grades. The advantage

31:00

was around half a

31:02

classification boundary on average. Rebecca Kesby

31:05

I thought there was a way of detecting these AI

31:07

submissions. Peter Scarf Detection is a

31:10

really complicated matter actually. So OpenAI,

31:12

who produced ChatGPT, which is the

31:14

AI we used in the study,

31:17

they actually released a detection software

31:20

but then removed it because it

31:22

wasn't good enough basically. It's making

31:24

too many errors. So I think

31:26

the kind of detection route is

31:28

not going to be the way forward. Rebecca Kesby

31:31

Do you have any idea of the

31:33

extent to how many essays that are

31:35

submitted are done using AI?

31:37

Peter Scarf No, no, not

31:40

at Reading obviously. We can make a few

31:43

inferences. There was a report from I think

31:45

it was the University of Glasgow here in

31:48

a short period of time had recorded,

31:50

I believe it was around 100,000 logins and access

31:55

to ChatGPT on campus. Rebecca

31:57

Kesby And as an educator,

31:59

how can concerning is it that

32:01

so many students are looking

32:03

for assistance from artificial

32:06

intelligence? Yeah, it is obviously

32:08

concerning for the academic integrity of assessments.

32:10

However, this isn't the first time the

32:12

education sector has had to adapt to

32:14

a kind of big change. When the

32:16

pocket calculator came on the scene, I

32:19

imagine people were scratching their heads thinking

32:21

it was the end to mathematics exams.

32:24

Our assessments will just have to change in

32:26

the face of this new technology and indeed

32:28

embrace it. Okay, so we

32:30

have staged our own bit of

32:32

research here at NewsHour and one

32:35

of my very clever colleagues, our

32:38

producer Alex, has nobly

32:40

put forward the conclusion of

32:42

an essay he wrote back

32:44

in 2010. And he

32:46

put the the question, the essay

32:48

question through chat GPT to come

32:51

up with an essay,

32:53

I've read the conclusion, so have

32:55

you, of both the AI

32:57

generated one and the original essay

32:59

as written by my colleague, we

33:02

don't know which is which. We

33:05

don't. But we're going to guess now

33:07

which one was which. It was a

33:09

history question and it was based on

33:12

Tudor history. Do you think it was

33:14

the real human was number one or

33:16

number two? My guess was

33:18

number one is human, number two is

33:20

AI. I also concluded to

33:23

the point where I was prepared to

33:25

put money on number one being human

33:27

and number two being computer

33:30

generated. You've put it through AI

33:32

as well. Yes,

33:35

it disagrees with both of us actually.

33:37

AI said that the second one was

33:39

AI generated and it was pretty confident.

33:41

It said it was 75% confident. Just

33:45

because we wanted to be absolutely

33:47

accurate with our own research here,

33:49

we've enlisted the help of an

33:51

independent adjudicator. This is Susie. She's

33:54

a university lecturer at Queen's University

33:56

Belfast. And this is her

33:58

conclusion. in SA1

34:00

is student written and SA2 is

34:02

AI generated. SA1 offers a level

34:05

of personal reflection and insight. SA2

34:07

is more formulaic, relying on perfunctory lists.

34:10

And SA1 also demonstrates some kind of

34:13

minor grammatical errors and it could be

34:15

more concise in parts, which I

34:18

would associate with genuine undergraduate student writing.

34:20

You see, that's exactly what I thought.

34:22

Thank you, Susie, from Queen's University for

34:24

that. I did think number two was

34:27

to the point, but

34:29

lacking extra details and a bit bland.

34:31

I do have the answer here in

34:33

a folded envelope. I'm opening the

34:36

envelope. The

34:38

human SA is SA1. So

34:42

all of us humans that read it

34:44

were correct and the

34:46

AI computer was wrong. Reassuring.

34:52

Peter Scarf from the University of Reading

34:55

in Southern England. And

34:59

that's all from us for now, but there

35:01

will be a new edition of the Global

35:04

News Podcast later. If you want to comment

35:06

on this podcast or the topics covered in

35:08

it, you can send us an email. The

35:10

address is globapodcastatbbt.co.uk. You

35:13

can also find us on x

35:15

at globallnewspod. This edition

35:18

was mixed by Callum McLean.

35:20

The producer was Liam McSheffrey.

35:22

The editor is Karen Martin.

35:24

I'm Rachel Wright. Until next

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time, goodbye. Ending

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