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Everyone knows that the best way to tell a

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good story is over a good drink. Spirit

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favorite vodka. Order your copy today

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at titosvodka.com/book. Read it and sip

0:24

with Tito's. 40%

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alcohol by volume, namely 80 proof, crafted to be savored

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responsibly. Imagine

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capella.edu. saying

2:00

that all the cupcakes are still in the

2:02

fridge, not just the ones with sprinkles. The

2:06

words that have sprinkles restrict the

2:08

kind of cupcake we're talking about.

2:11

Without those words, the meaning of the sentence

2:13

would change. Without them, we'd

2:16

be saying that all the cupcakes are still

2:18

in the fridge, not just the ones with

2:20

sprinkles. And restrictive

2:22

elements are not surrounded by commas.

2:25

Here's another example. Cupcakes

2:28

that are decorated for the 4th of July

2:30

are on sale. We

2:32

can't get rid of the words that are decorated for

2:34

the 4th of July because then we'd

2:37

be saying all cupcakes are on sale,

2:39

not just the special ones. So

2:41

that means the phrase is restrictive. And

2:44

here's one more example. Cupcakes

2:47

that have strawberries give me hives. I

2:51

can't get rid of the words that

2:53

have strawberries because then I'd be saying

2:55

all cupcakes give me hives, not just

2:57

the ones with strawberries, which isn't true.

3:00

I can eat all kinds of cupcakes, just

3:02

not those that have strawberries. On

3:05

the other hand, a non-restrictive element is

3:08

something that can be left out without

3:10

changing the meaning of the sentence. A

3:13

non-restrictive element is simply additional

3:16

information. Cupcakes

3:18

with sprinkles, which are my

3:21

favorite, always seem

3:23

to get eaten first. Leaving

3:25

out the words which are my favorite

3:27

doesn't change the meaning of the sentence.

3:30

With or without the words which are

3:32

my favorite, we know that cupcakes with

3:34

sprinkles are the first to go. And

3:38

non-restrictive elements are surrounded by

3:40

commas. The way I

3:42

think of it is that you could grab both

3:44

those commas, pick up the element and throw it

3:46

out of your sentence and it would still make

3:49

sense. Here's another

3:51

example. The cupcakes that are

3:53

on sale, which are decorated

3:55

for the 4th of July, all have sprinkles. We

4:00

could lift out the words which are decorated

4:02

for the 4th of July, and

4:04

the meaning of the sentence wouldn't change. Those

4:07

words just give us some

4:10

extra information, meaning they're non-restrictive,

4:12

surrounded by commas and

4:14

which is the right word. And

4:16

you may recall from last week's episode

4:19

that these words could also be surrounded

4:21

by parentheses or dashes, depending on what

4:23

kind of tone you want for your

4:26

sentence. Here's

4:28

a final example. Cupcakes,

4:30

which don't need to be cut

4:32

into pieces for serving, are

4:35

a great choice for children's parties. Again,

4:38

we could pick up the words which don't need

4:41

to be cut into pieces for serving, throw

4:43

them out, and not change the meaning

4:45

of the sentence. Cupcakes are

4:47

still a great choice for children's parties.

4:51

Those words, which don't need to be

4:53

cut into pieces for serving, are

4:55

just extra information, meaning they're

4:57

non-restrictive, surrounded by commas, and

4:59

which is the right word

5:02

choice. And here's a

5:04

quick and dirty tip for the simple rule. If

5:06

you think of the Wicked Witch of the

5:09

West from The Wizard of Oz, you

5:11

know it's okay to throw her out. She's bad,

5:13

so we want to get rid of her. We're

5:16

going to pick up the Wicked Witch and throw

5:18

her out, just like you can

5:20

pick up the which part of your sentence

5:22

and throw it out. You

5:24

won't change the meaning of the sentence without

5:27

the which phrase, so you can

5:29

throw out the which phrase, commas and all.

5:32

If you can do that and it doesn't

5:34

change the main meaning of the sentence, then

5:37

you know that which is the right choice.

5:40

If you try to throw out the phrase and it

5:42

does change the meaning of the sentence, then

5:44

you know the right choice is that

5:47

instead of which, because it's a restrictive

5:49

element. Now that's

5:51

the simplified rule that I find works

5:53

for a lot of people who get

5:55

frustrated trying to decide which word to

5:57

use, but you also should know

6:00

that the situation is more complicated

6:02

than what I just explained. That

6:05

was the safe rule. You'll never

6:07

go wrong with that, but some

6:09

authorities say that which can actually

6:11

be used for both restrictive and

6:14

non-restrictive phrases. And it's actually very

6:16

common for people who use British

6:18

English to use which when

6:21

American speakers would use that. The

6:24

distinction between the two just hasn't held up

6:26

in British English the way it has in

6:28

American English. So if you're

6:30

British, know that some Americans might think you've

6:33

made a mistake when you use which with

6:35

a restrictive element. Or they may

6:37

be dazzled by your accent and not even

6:39

noticed because we're like that. And

6:42

if you're American but you love the sound of

6:44

the word which in all your sentences and

6:46

want to use it, well if

6:48

anyone challenges you, you can just say you're

6:50

using British English. I do

6:53

think the distinction between the two words

6:55

is useful though because they can convey

6:57

different ideas. Consider

6:59

these two examples. Cupcakes

7:02

that are time-consuming to make tend

7:04

to be crowd pleasers. And

7:07

cupcakes, comma, which are time-consuming

7:09

to make, comma, tend

7:12

to be crowd pleasers. In

7:14

the first example, cupcakes that are time-consuming

7:17

to make tend to be crowd pleasers,

7:20

I'm saying that there are different kinds

7:22

of cupcakes, some that are time-consuming to

7:24

make and some that

7:26

aren't. And probably only those that are time-consuming

7:28

to make are the crowd pleasers. In

7:32

the second example, cupcakes, comma,

7:34

which are time-consuming to make, comma,

7:36

tend to be crowd pleasers,

7:39

I'm saying that at least to me all

7:42

cupcakes are time-consuming to make. And

7:44

I think that can be a useful distinction. And I'll

7:48

finish this segment with a little grammatical

7:50

aside. When they're used in

7:53

the way we've been talking about, that

7:55

and which are called relative pronouns. Now

7:57

I know it seems weird because you usually think of pronouns

8:00

as words such as he and she.

8:04

Relative pronouns don't get talked about as

8:06

much as other pronouns, but they are

8:08

real pronouns. They head up

8:10

subordinate clauses. Other relative

8:12

pronouns include who, whom, why, where, and

8:14

when. To

8:18

sum up, the simplest rule is to

8:20

choose the relative pronoun that when you

8:22

can't get rid of the element, and

8:25

the relative pronoun which when you can get

8:27

rid of the element and it won't change

8:29

the meaning of the sentence. Remember

8:32

that it's always safe to throw out the

8:34

witches. Texting

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between two different kinds of phones makes

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the banner or download now to learn more. Everyone

9:04

knows that the best way to tell a good story

9:06

is over a good drink. Spirit

9:08

in a Bottle, Tales and Drinks

9:10

from Tito's Handmade Vodka brings them

9:13

together. In its first ever cocktail

9:15

book, Tito's offers fans recipes, mixology

9:17

tips, and a never-before-seen look at

9:19

its journey from a one-room distillery

9:21

to becoming America's favorite vodka. Enter

9:24

your copy today at

9:26

titosvodka.com/book. Read it and

9:28

sip with Tito's. 40%

9:30

alcohol by volume, namely 80-proof, crafted to be

9:32

savored responsibly. Imagine

9:35

earning a degree that prepares you with

9:37

real skills for the real world. Capella

9:39

University's programs teach skills relevant to your

9:42

career so you can apply what you

9:44

learn right away. Learn how Capella

9:46

can make a difference in your life at capella.edu.

9:55

As the weather gets nicer, it's time

9:57

to amble back outside and spend time

9:59

with us. traipsing through the flowers.

10:02

Since we previously meandered through eight

10:04

words for walking with surprising origins,

10:06

we're going to ambulate through six

10:09

more words to prepare for walking

10:11

weather. To ambulate

10:13

simply means to walk or move

10:15

around, and popped up around 1620.

10:20

Ambulate stems from the Latin

10:22

ambulatus, the past participle of

10:24

ambulare, with the same meaning.

10:27

But this word is so much more. Ambulate

10:30

is linked to amble, meaning to move easily

10:32

and gently just as a horse does when

10:35

it lifts the two legs on one side

10:37

and then the two on the other side.

10:40

On the more lowered side of

10:42

the etymology, the same root also

10:44

gives us the word ambulance, which

10:46

was originally a moveable hospital. Now

10:49

the words perambulate and ambulate both

10:51

come from that Latin root ambulare.

10:55

You may often hear perambulate used

10:57

as a fancy word to say

10:59

someone walked, but technically, perambulate

11:02

refers to walking through, about, or

11:04

over something, even though it does

11:07

come from the more general word

11:09

amble. This particular

11:11

form first appeared in the 15th

11:13

century predating ambulate. The

11:16

only difference between ambulate and

11:18

perambulate is obviously the prefix

11:20

per, which also comes from

11:23

Latin, where it means through. It's

11:25

the addition of that prefix that changes

11:27

the meaning to walk through. Do

11:31

you ever go on a constitutional after

11:33

dinner? Well, the meaning

11:35

of this type of constitutional doesn't

11:37

pertain to a body of rules,

11:39

customs, or laws. Instead,

11:42

it comes from the good it can

11:44

do a body's constitution, specifically

11:46

an individual's physical health,

11:48

strength, and appearance. Although

11:51

the root of constitution goes back

11:53

to relating to the settled upon

11:55

law and regulations, the

11:57

meaning eventually led to the settled upon law.

12:00

condition of one's health, whether

12:02

they have a weak constitution or

12:04

a strong constitution. A

12:07

constitutional is short for constitutional

12:09

walk, referring to an act

12:11

of walking that is beneficial

12:13

to bodily health. Edimon

12:15

Line speculates the constitutional walk most

12:18

likely originated around 1829 among university

12:22

students as they were taking walks

12:24

or exercising. For

12:27

those familiar with ballet, a sachet

12:30

refers to a gliding step.

12:33

Though the reference to dancing is

12:35

the typical use, sachet also refers

12:37

to a casual walk or glide

12:40

and a walk that is ostentatious

12:42

or provocative. Again,

12:44

according to Edimon Line, the

12:46

word sachet is mangled English

12:49

of the French word jace,

12:51

meaning chased, C-H-A-S-E-D. Asheing

12:54

onward to the word traips, the

12:57

origin of this one is a bit of a head-scratcher,

13:00

since sources ultimately say the origin

13:02

is unknown. It means

13:04

to walk about aimlessly, and some

13:06

people think the word may come from

13:09

the old French word trespasser, which meant

13:11

to pass over or beyond. The

13:14

Oxford English Dictionary says it can

13:16

also mean to tramp or trudge,

13:18

and another possible origin would be

13:20

words from a variety of European

13:23

languages, meaning to tramp, wander, flee,

13:25

as in the Middle Dutch trappen, dialectical

13:28

Norwegian trappen or

13:30

German trappen. According

13:33

to Edimon Line, there's even evidence to

13:35

show traips was slang used by

13:37

soldiers in vagabonds between 1400 and 1700. We'll

13:43

end our walk today with a promenade. This

13:46

word came into English directly from French

13:48

in the 1560s, and although you may

13:50

be having flashbacks to square dancing class

13:52

in grade school if you grew up

13:54

in the United States, and it is

13:56

a word used in dancing, in the

13:59

walking sense, a promenade is a

14:01

leisurely walk, a walk for pleasure

14:03

or display. And if

14:06

you're thinking of the promenade deck on the Love

14:08

Boat, a TV series that was popular in the

14:10

70s and 80s, yes, that

14:12

deck on a cruise ship is the

14:14

one that lets passengers walk around the

14:16

perimeter. It's a place

14:18

to either get some exercise or to

14:20

see and be seen, depending on your

14:23

perspective. That

14:25

segment was written by Michaela Dunn, a

14:27

Wyoming-based editor and publisher for Every Wen

14:30

Press. She specializes in

14:32

magical realism, low fantasy, folklore,

14:34

and fairy tales. Finally,

14:40

I have a familect story from Andrea. Hi,

14:43

this is Andrea Phillips. I live in

14:46

Tennessee, but my family is from Texas

14:48

and Oklahoma. And I was

14:50

recently with my brother and we used a word

14:52

that I thought might be a good example of

14:54

a familect. So I

14:57

was at my brother's house for my nephew's graduation

14:59

and we were getting food ready for all the

15:01

guests coming to the cookout. And

15:03

my sister-in-law asked my brother if he

15:06

got a bottle of damn it. He

15:08

said he did. And I said, oh good, a bottle of

15:10

damn it. And we all

15:12

knew that we were talking about a watermelon.

15:15

As long as I can remember going back

15:17

to my grandparents' house and my family of

15:19

Oregon, we have always called

15:21

a watermelon a bottle of

15:23

damn it. The story goes that my father,

15:26

when he was a little boy, couldn't say watermelon

15:28

and they came out bottle of damn

15:30

it. And everybody thought that was funny and

15:32

just started calling watermelons, bottle of damn it. And

15:36

so today we don't use it all the

15:38

time and we only use it amongst ourselves.

15:41

Most of the time we do call watermelon

15:43

watermelon, but it's like a

15:45

family code word when one of

15:48

us calls watermelon a bottle of damn it.

15:51

And now that my dad's kids are

15:53

starting families of their own, my

15:56

dad's grandkids rather, are starting families of their

15:58

own, we just have to