1:59

dominant nation, President

2:02

Thomas Jefferson in 1803

2:04

referred to them as that great nation. He

2:07

also met with several Osage chiefs the following year

2:09

and promised that they would be treated like friends.

2:12

But within a few years, they began to be driven

2:15

off their land and like so many Native American

2:17

nations were

2:19

eventually bunched into reservations,

2:22

losing their territory. The Osage

2:25

ended up in Kansas on

2:27

a reservation in the 1800s and they were promised

2:30

that, okay, you'll finally be safe

2:32

here and be left alone. But

2:34

once more by the 1860s,

2:36

they were under siege by settlers, there

2:39

were massacres, they were starving, and

2:41

they knew they needed to move on. They were being driven

2:43

off their land again. And an Osage

2:45

chief famously stood up and

2:48

he looked across where they could maybe go and he

2:51

said, we should go to this

2:53

land in what would later become Northeast

2:56

Oklahoma because it's rocky,

2:59

it's infertile, you can't do

3:01

agriculture, and maybe the white

3:03

van will finally leave us alone. So

3:06

they ended up going to this land

3:09

and lo and behold, this land

3:11

turned out to be sitting upon some of the

3:13

largest deposits of oil then in the United

3:15

States. And by the early

3:18

20th century, the Osage began

3:20

to become enormously wealthy

3:22

and they soon became the wealthiest people not

3:24

only in the United States, but per

3:26

capita in the world.

3:28

Can you tell us a little bit about how that wealth

3:30

would be inherited from person to person

3:33

within the tribe?

3:33

Many Native American nations

3:37

were on reservations and the US

3:39

government began to force them to

3:41

break up these reservations. The process was called

3:43

allotment. And it was done in theory,

3:46

they would say, because they wanted to quote unquote, civilize

3:49

Native Americans and turn them into private

3:51

property owners. It was also really done

3:54

so that it would be easier to obtain

3:56

their land. And this process happened

3:58

to the Osage as well. were allotted

4:01

and their land was broken up. But the Osage

4:03

had very cleverly negotiated in their

4:05

treaty with the US government that they would

4:07

maintain all the subsurface

4:10

mineral rights. So what this meant

4:12

is, even when their land began to be broken

4:14

up, they communally controlled all

4:17

the rights to what was underneath their land. Now

4:19

they had some hints that there was oil, but nobody

4:22

suspected that it was sitting by these huge

4:24

deposits. And so they

4:26

were able to get this into the treaty. And

4:29

sure enough, their surface territory and reservation

4:31

gradually got gobbled up by settlers and disappeared.

4:35

But the Osage maintained all

4:37

this vast area underneath the

4:39

land. And they really became the world's

4:41

first underground reservation. And

4:43

there were only about 2000 or so Osage. And

4:47

each one was granted what was called a head

4:49

right. And a head right essentially meant

4:51

that they had to share in the mineral trust. So

4:54

that when prospectors came in and they wanted to

4:56

lease the land to extract oil, and

4:58

when they were able to find oil, they

5:00

had to pay royalties to the Osage. All

5:03

this money went into a communal pot. And each

5:05

Osage who had a head right got a percentage

5:08

of it, a share of it. And this was called

5:10

a head right. And a head right could not

5:12

be sold, and it

5:14

could not be bought, it could only be inherited.

5:16

And this was a way to keep that mineral

5:19

trust within the hands of the Osage. So

5:21

even as they lost their surface land, they

5:23

were able to hold on to this underground

5:26

reservation.

5:26

They obviously came into this huge wealth.

5:29

How was it viewed by outsiders and

5:31

by the government?

5:32

So just to give you some sense of the Osage wealth,

5:34

in 1923, these 2000 or so Osage received what

5:38

would be the equivalent today of about $400 million.

5:42

So they were enormously wealthy. And

5:45

this of course, the lied long standing stereotypes

5:47

of Native Americans and American Indians that

5:50

traced all the way back to the first contact

5:52

with settlers. And so the press

5:54

would come out and regale the

5:56

populace with stories of quote unquote the

5:59

red million years. for the quote-unquote

6:01

plutocratic Osage. And they would describe

6:03

how they lived in mansions and how they had

6:05

chauffeurs. They were shocked to report

6:08

that the Osage had white

6:10

servants who did their menial tasks.

6:13

They reported that while each American

6:16

might own a car, each Osage owned 11

6:18

of them. So this caused a great sensation.

6:21

It also caused a great deal of envy. And

6:25

many, many people began to wanna get some

6:27

of that wealth for themselves. And as

6:29

one Osage chief said, they bunch us

6:32

up down in this rocks and now that it's worth millions,

6:34

everybody wants to get a piece of it.

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So the feeling of outsiders was definitely

7:06

drawn along racial lines, social lines,

7:09

and social prejudices.

7:10

It's almost hard to imagine. So the

7:12

Osage were millionaires and

7:15

they sent their children to the best boarding schools.

7:17

They were very educated. But the US

7:20

government passed legislation that

7:23

forced Osage, who they deemed

7:25

to be quote unquote incompetent, which basically

7:28

just meant you were a full-blood Osage, that

7:30

they would have to have a guardian, a white guardian

7:33

who would oversee their wealth. And

7:35

what this literally meant is that an Osage

7:37

who was a millionaire, who may be a chief

7:39

of a great nation, when

7:41

he wanted to go to the store and buy toothpaste, he

7:44

had a white guardian who had to authorize

7:46

these purchases. And what

7:48

this opened, not only was it greatly paternalistic

7:51

and racist, but it opened up a system

7:54

of enormous graft because these guardians

7:57

began to skim and get kickbacks.

8:00

gone with millions and millions of dollars

8:02

of the Osage's money.

8:03

So within this region, we then

8:06

see where your book explores the Osage

8:08

reign of terror. Can you tell us a little

8:10

bit about these killings and

8:13

how they influenced the society?

8:15

As the Osage became more and more wealthy,

8:18

primarily in the early 1920s, they began to be

8:21

mysteriously murdered one by one

8:24

for their oil money. And these

8:26

crimes were astonishing

8:29

in their breath, in their various

8:31

means. I describe in the

8:34

book how one Osage family,

8:36

a woman named Molly Burkhart, now

8:38

her family became a prime target of this conspiracy.

8:42

And one day in 1921 in May,

8:44

her sister, older sister Anna disappeared.

8:47

But week later, her body was found

8:49

in a ravine. She was shot on the

8:51

back of the head. Her mother soon dies

8:54

of suspected poisoning. One

8:56

day Molly is in her house and she

8:58

feels it's about three in the morning. She's sleeping

9:01

with her husband and she feels

9:03

this enormous explosion. This

9:06

explosion was so powerful. It shook

9:08

all the houses for miles in

9:10

the area. Windows were blown

9:13

out and shattered. People who were sitting on their chairs

9:15

were literally blown backwards. She

9:17

got up and went to the window and she could

9:19

see where her other sister, she had three

9:22

sisters, where her

9:24

sister Rita's house had been. And

9:27

all she could see was a large orange fireball

9:30

rising into the sky. And

9:32

somebody had planted a bomb under her sister's house

9:35

and blown it up, killing her sister, her

9:37

sister's husband, and a white servant who lived

9:40

in the house. So this just gives you some

9:42

sense. There were shootings, there were poisonings,

9:45

there was a bombing. And

9:47

these murders began to spread and

9:49

target various families, not

9:51

just Molly's family.

9:53

What was the reaction both

9:55

in the community and the wider

9:57

public reaction to these murders?

9:59

Well, within the community, there was a sense of genuine

10:02

terror. Nobody knew who would become the next

10:04

target. People literally would string

10:06

lights up around their houses at night so

10:08

they would hollow out the darkness with a glow. They

10:11

were so afraid of predators coming in to get

10:13

them. People wouldn't open their doors.

10:15

Children weren't allowed to wander the streets. I

10:17

mean, it was known as Osage Rain of Terror.

10:20

And the term rain of terror is overused. But

10:22

in this case, it was appropriate. There was a genuine

10:24

sense of terror. Nobody knew who

10:26

would be the next target. The few people

10:29

who tried to investigate the crimes were

10:31

themselves targeted. An

10:34

oilman went to Washington, DC to try

10:36

to get federal officials to help.

10:39

He brought with him just a Bible and a pistol.

10:41

He was sent to telegram to the boarding house where

10:43

he was staying to be careful. That

10:46

evening, after he arrived, he walked out of

10:48

his boarding house. He was abducted. Somebody put a plastic

10:50

bag over his head. He was found the next

10:52

day in a ravine. He had

10:55

been strangled to death, his

10:57

body beaten in. He had been stripped naked. And

11:00

this was a warning sign that nobody

11:02

was safe and that they would hunt you down, not

11:04

just in Oklahoma. They would hunt you down

11:06

across the country. And then nobody was

11:08

safe. And nobody dare stop it. And

11:11

so the sense of terror was just palpable.

11:14

Now, within the white structure,

11:17

all the lawmen in the area were

11:20

white. And so there

11:22

was a great deal of prejudice. And because

11:24

of that, many of these crimes went on to

11:26

be unsolved, not just because people

11:28

had been targeted, but also because there was just

11:31

such racial prejudice that people

11:33

did not treat the victims of these crimes

11:35

like full-blooded human beings, which

11:37

they were. And so many

11:40

of the crimes were ignored. Molly Burkhart,

11:43

for example, pleaded for the authorities to investigate

11:45

the cases. And she was often met with

11:47

indifference. There was also a great

11:49

deal of corruption at the time. And in some cases,

11:52

the law enforcement and the establishment was

11:55

actually complicit in the crimes. So

11:58

the power structure was just a case. This

12:00

was a genuine conspiracy where

12:03

you had a power structure that was making millions

12:05

and millions of dollars by pilfering

12:08

Osage money and by murdering them

12:10

to get their money. There

12:12

was a complicity, there was a silence, there

12:15

were willing executioners. So

12:18

it was part of the tragedy of these cases.

12:21

The way society responded,

12:23

it's pretty abhorrent that for many

12:25

years bodies piled up and nobody did

12:27

a damn thing.

12:28

You touched on there the pressure that Molly

12:31

Burkhart applied to get the murders

12:33

investigated. And also in the book

12:36

you mentioned that the Osage people

12:38

used their own money to fund some of the investigations,

12:41

which led to the FBI's involvement. Can

12:43

you talk a little bit about that?

12:45

It's important to understand that even though

12:47

this is not that long ago, the 1920s was a remarkably

12:50

lawless time in the United States. There

12:53

was very few competent local

12:55

police forces, there was very little forensics,

12:58

very little training, there was a good

13:00

deal of corruption. Molly

13:02

Burkhart did everything she could to try to get help.

13:05

She issued using her money for

13:07

rewards. They hired private

13:10

investigators and there were teams of private investigators,

13:12

but often the private investigators were themselves

13:15

easily bought off by the killers or

13:17

themselves were corrupt. Eventually

13:19

the Osage tribal council issued

13:22

a resolution, a formal

13:24

resolution, it's a document I quoted in the book,

13:26

in a very formal way pleading for federal

13:29

authorities to send in investigators.

13:33

And eventually these police do reach a

13:35

then very obscure branch, or was then

13:37

very obscure branch of the Justice Department,

13:40

the US Justice Department. The branch

13:42

then was called the Bureau Investigation, but

13:44

we would later know it as the Federal Bureau Investigation,

13:47

the FBI. And this became

13:49

one of the FBI's first major homicide cases.

13:52

And also one of the first major homicide

13:55

cases of its new director, J. Edgar

13:57

Hoover. Can you

13:58

tell us a little bit about J. Edgar Hoover? and

14:01

how he approached the Osage Murders case.

14:03

So, J. Edgar Hoover was named

14:06

acting director in 1924. He'd been deputy director before. This

14:10

case actually went to that by 1923, and he was involved as deputy director,

14:13

and then was in charge of the case when

14:15

he became acting director in 1924. And

14:18

he was only 29 in 1924. He

14:23

was then skinny, did not look the way he looked

14:25

in later life. He had dreamed

14:27

of building a bureaucratic empire, but

14:30

at the time, he was still very insecure in his job. He

14:33

tried to professionalize the Bureau to

14:35

a large extent and to bring

14:37

in more formal training, college educations,

14:41

adopting more forensics. But

14:43

the Bureau initially really badly bungled

14:45

this case, and for two

14:47

years, there was no arrests, and

14:50

most famously, they had made a huge,

14:53

embarrassing, bloody mistake, which

14:55

is they got an outlaw, a

14:57

guy appropriately named Blackie, and

15:00

they decided they were going to use him as an informant. And

15:02

so they took him out of prison, and they were

15:05

supposed to keep him under surveillance, but

15:07

instead, he managed to slip

15:09

his tail. He proceeded to rob

15:11

a bank and kill a police officer. So, Hoover,

15:14

facing a potential scandal, last

15:17

turned the case over to an old frontier lawman, a

15:19

man named Tom White, a former Texas

15:21

Ranger. He stood about 6'4". He

15:24

was an old cowboy who grew up in a log cabin. He

15:27

did not quite fit the image of the new hires at the Bureau under

15:29

Hoover. He was not college educated,

15:32

but Hoover was desperate to

15:34

get results, and he turned the case over to

15:36

White, who

15:39

led the investigation and ended up putting together

15:42

an undercover team to lead the investigation.

15:45

And this team was quite extraordinary. He

15:49

took several old frontier agents, one

15:51

of them posed as an insurance salesman. Before this

15:53

man had become a lawman, he had actually sold

15:55

insurance. Incredibly

15:58

enough, he actually set up an insurance company. insurance

16:00

office in town on the reservation.

16:03

And he sold real insurance policies. Two

16:05

other undercover operatives went in as cattlemen.

16:08

And perhaps most remarkably, an American

16:10

Indian agent was recruited. And there

16:13

were no statistics back then, so we don't know for

16:15

sure, but he was probably the only

16:17

American Indian agent in the bureau at the

16:20

time, especially given the prejudices. And

16:22

he went in as well undercover, and they began

16:25

to infiltrate the region. And they did this

16:27

partly because there was so much terror, they

16:29

didn't think they could get people to talk, but they

16:31

also did it because anyone who was

16:33

going in to try to stop the killings were being

16:36

killed. And so they were marked

16:38

men. And this was a very dangerous

16:40

operation. And in many ways for Tom

16:42

White, it became both a criminal

16:45

operation, a criminal investigation,

16:47

but it was almost like a spy operation because

16:49

there were moles, there were double agents,

16:51

there were threats of triple agents. The

16:54

operatives were being followed and trailed while

16:56

they were carrying out their investigations. They

16:58

were threatening to tear down a very

17:01

powerful system and structure.

17:04

And what they began to discover was, first

17:06

of all, the guardians who had been appointed to

17:08

quote unquote protect of the Osage

17:11

and their fortunes were instead themselves,

17:14

in many cases, most cases, criminals

17:16

themselves. These were in theory,

17:19

the leading citizens in society.

17:21

They were often bankers and lawmen and politicians.

17:25

These people were the ones who were guardians, but they were

17:27

in effect using their power

17:29

to steal and graft. And it's important

17:31

to understand that there was just a enormous amount of corruption. The Bureau

17:34

itself, the FBI, had

17:36

just come out of a great oil corruption scandal

17:38

where members of the Bureau and members of the Justice

17:41

Department were taking kickbacks

17:43

from oil men, taking kickbacks

17:45

from criminals to let them go free. And

17:48

so the Bureau itself was trying to emerge from its own

17:50

corruption scandal. So all this

17:52

corruption, this kind of sinister,

17:55

garish corruption, is

17:57

part of the backdrop in which this investigation is taking

17:59

place.

18:00

Can you tell us a little bit about the legal

18:03

system and how it functioned at the time to protect

18:06

the people who committed these horrible

18:08

crimes? Law enforcement back in the 1920s,

18:11

I was shocked. I mean, when I begin these stories, I know very

18:13

little about them. And I spent almost

18:15

nearly half a decade on this story. And I was shocked

18:18

by just how a lawless part

18:20

of the United States was

18:23

back then, meaning it was very, the

18:25

legal system was very fragile. Often

18:28

if there was justice, it was meted out by the barrel

18:30

of a gun. There was a great deal of corruption.

18:33

Most law enforcement did have training.

18:36

But on a deeper level, many

18:39

people in these communities, especially

18:41

with the Osage community, there was so much money.

18:44

And so law enforcement and politicians

18:47

were often either directly

18:49

involved in the crimes or bought

18:52

off or were quietly complicit.

18:55

And in many ways, this story,

18:58

in my eyes, is really about the birth of

19:00

a modern country, at least the way we think of

19:02

the United States as a modern country today. It was

19:05

the birth of the beginning of establishing

19:08

legal institutions. Initially,

19:11

when they captured one of the masterminds,

19:14

one of the main criminals, even when

19:16

they caught them, they didn't know if they could ever prosecute

19:18

them because they didn't know if they could get 12 jurors

19:21

given the prejudice at the time to even rule

19:23

against them, despite the abundance

19:25

of evidence. And so these

19:28

forces are all working out at this time.

19:30

And so this is the emergence

19:32

of American legal institutions, the

19:35

emergence of more scientific detection,

19:37

the emergence of what might be called professionalism,

19:40

to kind of a simple, easy term, but one

19:42

we tend to take for granted in this

19:45

day and age. And just to give you an example,

19:47

Tom White is

19:49

in many ways the embodiment of this transition,

19:51

the man who leads the investigation

19:54

that is successful, at least

19:56

in many regards. He grew up in a

19:58

log cabin. His father was a frontier. when

20:01

Tom White was young, he watched his father hang

20:04

a man. This was kind of a time of raw

20:06

justice. And by

20:09

the time in the 1920s, when he's leading the

20:11

investigation, he's struggling to use fingerprints.

20:14

He is learning about handwriting analysis,

20:16

which becomes a pivotal part of this case. He

20:19

is wearing a suit and

20:21

a fedora, rather than riding on a

20:23

horseback, carrying a pearl handle

20:26

pistol. And the thing that he

20:28

hates most is he has to file lots of paperwork.

20:31

And so he embodies in many ways the

20:33

emergence of the country

20:36

of the United States, as we will come to know it. And

20:39

also Molly Burkhart in many ways is a transitional

20:41

figure. She grew up in a wigwam,

20:44

which is essentially a lodge.

20:47

It's like a basically large TV. And

20:50

when she was young, she spoke only Osage,

20:53

and she wore a traditional blanket. And

20:55

within 30 years, she's living in a mansion

20:58

with a white husband, with a chauffeur,

21:00

and speaking English. And so even

21:02

in her own life, she represents

21:05

the straddling, as does Tom White, a

21:08

straddling not only of two centuries,

21:11

but in many cases, and at least in Molly's

21:13

case, the straddling of two civilizations.

21:16

What did the Osage Murders' case

21:18

come to represent for J. Edgar

21:20

Hoover?

21:20

I mean, Hoover, you could see all the elements of

21:23

Hoover's character even early on back

21:25

then at his earliest stage, which

21:27

is, he wanted to resolve

21:29

these cases, but he was probably less

21:31

concerned with justice than he

21:33

was with his own reputation and cementing

21:36

his power. And the

21:38

men and the agents

21:40

and operatives who did the real work to

21:43

help break, at least part of the conspiracy,

21:45

he would never acknowledge publicly. He

21:48

then buried them and ignored them or fired

21:50

them, and took

21:52

the credit himself. And in many ways,

21:55

the case was important because it represented

21:57

some of the good side of Hoover, which was...

22:00

the beginning of trying to professionalize law enforcement,

22:02

to modernize it, to make it more systemic,

22:06

to adopt more scientific means

22:08

of detection. He deserves enormous credit

22:10

for those things, but he also exploited

22:12

the case to burnish his own reputation

22:14

and to create himself into what would

22:17

also become one of the most autocratic and dangerous

22:19

bureaucrats in the history of the United States.

22:22

Can you talk

22:22

a little bit about how the

22:24

reign of terror was covered up, how

22:26

it was almost wiped from

22:29

memory?

22:30

What is so shocking in this story

22:32

is that

22:33

we often like to think of evil as a singular

22:35

figure. And in this case, there was

22:38

one man who was an embodiment

22:40

in many ways of evil. But we like to

22:42

think of in a crime story that there's kind of

22:44

a singular figure, and if you catch that

22:46

figure and purge it, society

22:49

returns to normal. But

22:51

this is a case where there were the conspiracy

22:54

and the conspirators, and there were so many of

22:56

them. Many of them on the outside seem

22:58

like perfectly ordinary, law-abiding citizens,

23:01

but they were participants and

23:03

they would cover up the crimes. Lawmen

23:06

would cover up murders. People

23:08

who were burying victims would cover up

23:10

the fact that the person they were burying

23:12

had a gunshot wound in their head or that their body

23:15

had been poisoned. There was a complicity

23:17

of silence by even

23:19

those who were not directly profiting. The

23:22

fact that these people were Osage,

23:24

that is that they were Native Americans, allowed

23:28

these crimes to be

23:30

covered up and to be treated differently than

23:33

if the victims had been white. And

23:35

because of that, the crimes

23:37

went on for many years. And

23:40

the truth be said, even

23:42

though the Bureau was able to resolve many

23:44

of the cases, and Tom White, who

23:46

was in many ways a very good man, who was quietly

23:49

a good man, and there's a lot

23:51

of goodness in the story. There's not just evil,

23:54

but

23:55

even with the Bureau's efforts that the breath

23:57

of the conspiracy was far wider and far

24:00

darker than the Bureau ever exposed.

24:01

What are the reasons that prevented these

24:04

cases from being found and talked about until

24:07

your book? Well, I think to some

24:09

degree, Hoover exploited the case early on and

24:11

it got a fair amount of attention especially

24:13

after some of the criminals

24:16

were arrested and prosecuted. But by

24:18

the 1930s, there were other cases that Hoover

24:21

used from the war on crime. There was Dillinger,

24:23

there were other outlaws, and he paid less

24:25

attention to this case. But also, I think

24:27

the victims don't write history. I mean, it's a cliche,

24:30

but it's true. So many

24:32

of the victims or people, even though they had wealth, were

24:34

more on the margins of society. There

24:37

was a great deal of racial prejudice. I

24:40

think there was whether

24:42

consciously or unconsciously, an excising

24:45

of this from history. I mean, I was shocked

24:47

that I had never read about this case

24:50

in any books when I was growing up.

24:52

I mean, this is unquestionably one of the more

24:54

sinister crimes in American history, one

24:57

of the worst racial injustices in American

24:59

history. Also, an incredibly important chapter

25:01

in American history because these

25:04

forces of the clash between Native

25:07

Americans and white settlers was playing

25:09

itself out in the 20th century. Yet,

25:12

it was

25:13

largely ignored. Now, I should make

25:16

it abundantly clear that it was not ignored by the Osage.

25:18

The Osage remembered this history to

25:20

this day, and for them, it's living history,

25:23

it remains living history. But for most

25:25

people in the United States and beyond, they've

25:27

never heard of this. I never heard of this. In

25:29

what context should we remember the Osage

25:32

reign of terror today? Well, I

25:33

think it's important that we remember this because

25:35

it is a part of our history, and

25:38

for too long, it's been overlooked. I

25:40

think the victims have

25:42

a right to have their story recorded. I

25:45

think the criminals deserve

25:47

to be remembered. Often

25:50

in criminal cases, and this is one where many

25:52

of the cases did go unresolved, and

25:54

I think history can come in and hopefully

25:57

provide at least some accounting

25:59

where

26:00

the victim's stories are finally heard

26:02

and memorialized.

26:04

Also the murderers, at least if

26:06

they escape justice, at least

26:09

face some shame or punishment.

26:12

I think sorting out some of that is very important.

26:14

I also think some of

26:16

these things are cliches, but we do learn

26:18

from our past and we need to learn from our past.

26:23

We see elements playing out

26:25

today now, nearly a century

26:27

later at Standing Rock, where

26:30

with the oil pipeline access, which

26:32

has drawn so many protesters

26:34

and so many demonstrators from

26:36

various American Indian nations around

26:39

the country, because these are issues about

26:41

tribal sovereignty, even though

26:43

the issues between the two cases are

26:45

very different. The central core

26:47

that is at stake is about tribal rights

26:50

and tribal sovereignty, and that hasn't gone away. And

26:52

so I think it's important to understand the Osage if

26:54

we're going to deal with issues like that

26:56

today.

26:59

That was David Gran. Killers of the Flower

27:02

Moon, oil, money, murder

27:04

and the birth of the FBI is out now, published

27:07

by Simon & Schuster, and the film

27:09

is currently showing in cinemas. Thanks

27:12

for listening to the History Extra podcast.

27:15

This podcast was produced by Jack

27:17

Pateman.