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0:23

this

0:23

is science, friday i'm i replayed us

0:26

is notorious for having incredibly

0:29

high drug prices which often lead

0:31

people deciding between groceries

0:33

and medication in fact more than

0:35

three and four american adults think the

0:37

prices of prescription drugs are

0:39

unaffordable and the senate recently

0:42

passed a bill that will help lower

0:44

prescription drug costs for seniors are

0:46

next guest has been working on his

0:48

own solution for years he's

0:51

part of our young innovators series teens

0:53

who are taking on big problems or

0:56

final innovator is seventeen year old

0:58

high school student

1:00

the ship jane who has developed a new

1:02

model to reduce cost an increase

1:04

production of important drugs

1:06

i covered night he vaccines it's

1:09

called high court the judge

1:11

me now from portland oregon welcome to the

1:13

program russia hi agree

1:15

to be on thanks so much for having me

1:17

you're quite welcome now this is a huge

1:19

problem to take on so what

1:21

inspired you

1:23

the find a solution so it kind of

1:25

actually goes back to when i was

1:27

taking a biology class around

1:30

two years ago and i

1:32

in that class i was doing a case study on

1:34

coby nineteen and i

1:37

came across this term known as recombinant

1:39

vaccines which was really interesting

1:41

to me because i kept seeing this idea

1:44

of recombinant technology come up

1:46

in a lot of the past literature

1:48

that as reading a lot of science research that i

1:50

was doing so i decided to dig

1:52

in a little bit more and i

1:55

came into this fascinating world

1:57

were essentially people can take

1:59

his and express them in cel factories

2:02

to produce output proteins which can be

2:04

used for drugs medications

2:06

and vaccines and i wanted to see

2:09

if i could use my skills and programming

2:11

an artificial intelligence to

2:13

help actually improve the technology

2:15

it's especially in the wake of the coby nineteen

2:17

pandemics to help make more effective

2:20

vaccines and to help make them faster

2:22

okay she tells you have developed a model

2:25

the make drugs more affordable take can

2:27

you walk us through it so this model is

2:29

called i courts and it uses

2:31

this really cool artificial intelligence

2:33

technique known as deep learning and

2:36

with deep learning is really known for and

2:38

what it special for it's is it's ability

2:40

to really look at sewage

2:42

datasets and grass patterns

2:44

that's perhaps humans can't really see

2:47

from that data so one

2:49

of the really big things and in this model

2:51

is that it's able to look at thousands

2:54

of genes in the genome

2:56

of an organism called equal i which

2:58

is a simple bacteria and it looks

3:00

at these genes in order to learn the

3:02

types of patterns and the usage of

3:05

individual like repeat elements

3:08

within equalized sheets and

3:10

based off of this my tool icor

3:12

is able to better optimized other

3:14

genes like for example human insulin

3:17

or a gene for producing a malaria

3:19

vaccine in order to have

3:21

more expression when they're introduced into

3:23

an equal isis a

3:26

particularly you've created the really

3:28

productive protein factory right

3:31

yeah exactly it so right now approaching

3:33

factories or sell factories

3:35

are really useful in the field

3:37

because they already have kind

3:39

of brought down costs a little bit compared

3:41

to chemically engineering proteins

3:44

bed mites will essentially allows us to

3:46

do this even more so

3:48

i found through some testing bad my to

3:51

was able to result in two hundred thirty six

3:53

percent or more protein

3:55

for the same amount of input cell

3:57

and gene so given this

3:59

weekend putin actually produce far more vaccines

4:02

and pharmaceuticals and the same amount of

4:04

time which can definitely help save

4:06

a lot of cost the more you can make

4:08

them makes each one of them cheaper my kinds

4:10

of drugs can you produce this way

4:13

really there's a lot of drugs right now

4:15

and there are quite a few f d a approved

4:17

recombinant drugs some of them

4:19

are as common as human insulin

4:22

so most human insulin is actually manufacture

4:24

today through recombinant techniques

4:27

there are also some developments

4:29

and the area vaccines so

4:31

vaccines for certain types of hepatitis

4:34

as well as malaria and even

4:36

more recently i've seen some kobe vaccines

4:38

being tested out very confidently and

4:40

then there's also cancer drugs so

4:43

drugs for a lung cancer and breast cancer

4:45

specific immunotherapy and chemotherapy

4:47

drugs that can be made within a solid

4:49

like yeast or e coli and then

4:52

purified into a protein which can then

4:54

be given in the form of a drug for a

4:56

human

4:57

i know that you are are especially interested

4:59

in cancer research as a cause you're

5:01

really care about right

5:03

yeah that's something that's been a really

5:05

close to my heart over the last almost

5:07

five years now i've been working on

5:09

cancer research and have had a couple other

5:11

research projects where i've focused

5:14

specifically on improving cancer therapeutics

5:16

and i believe through this project as well by

5:19

making drugs more accessible and making

5:21

them more affordable through like

5:23

mass production and and scaling the mods

5:25

or this can also be applied to the cancer drugs

5:27

that i mention

5:28

that you just said you been doing this for like five

5:31

years now it's your seventeen

5:33

that means you started before you're a teenager

5:36

working on this problem with where'd you get

5:38

that motivation how has he do that

5:40

it really goes back to a young age for

5:43

me when i was just for five years

5:45

old some of my fondest memories

5:47

came from stem like

5:49

science technology engineering and math

5:51

related activities i remember going

5:53

to the science museum

5:55

with my older brother and having a lot

5:58

of on there and also developing

6:00

apps with him at a young age are members

6:03

of forming my first at developing

6:05

company with my older brother when i was i

6:07

think just maybe six or seven years

6:09

old and so these passions for

6:11

me in the areas of science and technology

6:14

evolves over time i was able to

6:16

look at problems that i was facing

6:18

in in my community and that the world

6:21

was facing at as a whole and wanted

6:23

to see if i could use the knowledge

6:25

and experience that i gained through my various

6:27

projects in the past to apply these

6:29

problems the your first company

6:32

when you're is six or seven yeah

6:34

it was actually was simple app development

6:36

company where we were publish apps on

6:38

the android play store and i

6:40

think they actually got several thousand download

6:42

so i am i remember making am couple

6:45

many games a couple apps for

6:47

know utility like campuses and things

6:49

like that so with so lot of fun and i learnt

6:52

and lot about programming at about young age through

6:54

those experiences

6:55

i'll say let's get back to your company

6:57

i corps is anyone using

7:00

i cor yeah

7:01

yeah so i corps has been licensed

7:03

by a biotech company and

7:05

they been eating me in the process of validating

7:08

and testing this to so currently

7:10

i corps is backed by essentially

7:13

five industry standard metrics that

7:15

indicates it's performance in the real

7:17

world and suggests that it would

7:19

have a higher amount of protein expression

7:21

spell it hasn't yet been tested

7:23

in the lab so that's something that i'm

7:25

working on and that i'd like to do

7:28

in the near future

7:29

amazing and you still have a year left of highschool

7:32

good luck to you

7:33

yeah thanks so much

7:35

the should jane is an inventor and high school student

7:37

from portland oregon more

7:40

on invention now we have talked

7:42

about the efforts to halt the spread of the invasive

7:45

spotted lantern fly remember

7:47

it was accidently introduced

7:50

in pennsylvania and twenty fourteen

7:52

and has now been found in eleven states

7:55

it's a pretty insect the adults her about

7:57

an inch long with a striking spotted pattern

7:59

on the when and a bright patch

8:01

of read on the hind wing but it's

8:03

also very hungry and

8:06

a threat to many important agricultural

8:08

crops we have been encouraged to

8:10

stop on them they help slow the spread

8:13

really old tech you know what we really

8:15

need we did a good old bug

8:17

trap and that's what science educators

8:20

at rutgers university in new jersey

8:22

have been doing the project asking

8:25

teachers and students to design

8:27

to invent traps for the spider lantern

8:29

flights johnny me now to talk about

8:31

that is doctor by yell could shalleck she's

8:34

the high stem coordinator in

8:36

the rutgers university center for mathematics

8:38

science and computer education welcome

8:41

to science friday so much

8:43

me i'm looking forward to helping

8:45

thing about innovation and invention

8:48

to be a problem

8:49

well you're very welcome

8:51

to build a trap what's the guiding in

8:53

bits of information here what do you need to know

8:55

about

8:55

the lantern fly biology or as behavior

8:58

probably looking at the life cycle

9:00

that kind of where he starts with teachers

9:03

and with students and we worked with k through

9:05

twelve teachers and then tater

9:07

tots soon as it's talking about that my cycle

9:09

and house right now we're in august

9:12

and that's when you're going to rains more that

9:14

forth and star and that it's old

9:16

mean to imply so you're building traps

9:19

are now you want to think about okay

9:21

i have that it'll five with that

9:23

i'm trying to catch they don't fly in

9:25

a more like ha to thinking about how they

9:27

get on and off of the trees on and off

9:29

the vineyard or if we're building the

9:32

chat war in april may

9:34

june which we've done as well we're looking at the

9:36

really hi amy first page and

9:38

star so that's the big factor then

9:40

also thinking about what

9:43

you're gonna put the trump i'm silly that gonna be

9:45

on an apple tree is gonna be

9:48

on a great fine

9:50

because those sizes are gonna fact that type

9:52

of track as well

9:53

right or looks like the idea here is more encompassing

9:56

than just building and trap it seems

9:58

to be all about the process of the the

10:00

iraq getting kids to think about how

10:02

to design

10:03

absolutely we need for engineering design

10:05

process so we cannot save with the find

10:08

center

10:08

the engineering hundred and yeah thats

10:10

still we go to the fact that the

10:12

ask and the research

10:15

and we any coming up

10:17

with different prototypes and brainstorming

10:19

we also use which is really need a type

10:21

of a more chart where really get them to

10:23

think about the materials are using

10:25

to bed

10:26

and then also what he

10:28

did the life cycle and then again

10:30

why pay odd three you're using

10:32

to

10:33

let's talk than drumroll please

10:35

about the basics trap that you've

10:38

come up with out as it were

10:39

the we started with looking

10:41

at penn state university

10:43

action creative wine and we

10:45

gave ourselves and our teachers

10:47

whole bunch of other material for them to

10:49

use still we have nodding we apply

10:51

of yeah i was type on the curio the a string

10:54

and yard they actually get a chance

10:56

a drawn out and play with all

10:58

the materials before they bell and we've

11:00

had great conversation late wife

11:02

she's actually notice that the last five

11:04

loves him on the metal the

11:07

lore cushy teacher so

11:09

either seat or that he can we use foil

11:11

on our trumped up here are a lot

11:14

of the same as he on that metal will

11:16

attack them more and then allotted a student

11:18

also come up with

11:20

we are to blame him for the environment

11:22

so they're kicking some of the tougher nature like

11:24

park and other much you have to try to put on a

11:26

try to blend in

11:28

so doesn't stand out for the trap

11:30

is basically some mesh netting that

11:32

wraps around wraps tree

11:34

then finals the insects

11:36

into a collection bag of some guy exactly

11:39

and

11:39

they will varying sizes again depending

11:42

on

11:43

three i will face units shove a little bit

11:45

weird

11:46

understanding the funny the for trees so

11:48

it's helpful if you can get an outside

11:51

she really observer of the environment

11:53

before they start building so

11:55

that they can better

11:56

the understand the size is that they

11:58

need for that that is

11:59

very cool they are very creative and

12:02

you or i should be commended for taking on

12:04

the project prevail

12:05

if we have enjoyed it we family was

12:08

problem based in engineering and design

12:10

challenge

12:11

real coach alec is the ice them

12:13

coordinator a in the rutgers university's

12:15

center for mathematics science and computer

12:18

education thank you for taking time to be

12:20

with us today thank you so much

12:22

you're welcome and if a folks want

12:24

to build their own we have pictures and information

12:27

on building lantern fly traps all

12:29

their up on our website science

12:31

friday dot com slash bug trap

12:34

we're going to take a break and when we come back it's

12:36

almost time to head back to school which

12:38

means vaccinations for your kids

12:41

dr paul often a virus expert is

12:43

here to clear the air about covert

12:45

monkey pox polio we cover

12:47

them all

12:48

support hussein's right a it comes from the gordon

12:51

and betty moore foundation for more information

12:53

please visit more dot org

12:57

the media we exposed

12:59

in outrage

13:00

last last

13:02

, he leaves the interval think he may

13:05

be prouder they saw take off your tasks

13:08

for guess now not math mandates

13:11

the maligning of neanderthals china

13:13

says some myth busting about the people who

13:16

said some

13:16

in a with us some years back on

13:19

the sleep on the media from w n y

13:21

c

13:21

i find on the media wherever you get your

13:23

podcasts

13:26

science friday i'm ira plato

13:28

were more than halfway through august and

13:30

thoughts are turning to back

13:33

to school yes for

13:35

parents and pediatricians back to school

13:37

means another year of trying to keep kids

13:40

safe from covert nineteen we

13:42

now have vaccines for our youngest

13:44

kids what if your kid

13:46

has already been infected naturally

13:49

they still need a shot what

13:52

about other diseases in the news like monkey

13:54

pox and polio well together

13:56

us up to go back to school healthy and protected

13:59

i'm joined by my

13:59

dr paul offit director

14:02

the vaccine education center at the children's

14:04

hospital of philadelphia he's

14:06

a long time pediatrician and vaccine

14:09

researcher based in philadelphia

14:11

welcome back to science friday i'm

14:13

happy to go back by long time i assume you mean

14:15

old and yes that's of his ssssss

14:19

both of us let's

14:21

, talk about the biggest difference

14:23

between this back to school season

14:25

and last year's i were all

14:28

kids over six months surveys can get

14:30

vaccinated against covered nineteenth

14:32

how do you think this will change

14:35

the amount of transmission we'll see

14:37

in schools i think we're

14:39

much better off than where we were i mean think

14:41

about when this virus came into this country

14:43

in january twenty twenty january

14:46

had twenty we susceptible population

14:48

we didn't have monoclonal antibodies we didn't have

14:50

into viral we didn't have vaccines and

14:52

this virus rolled through this country

14:55

causing you know hundreds

14:57

of thousands and millions of hospitalizations

14:59

in intensive care unit missions and deaths

15:01

me now now fast forwards where we are

15:03

now we have lot of cause we have of

15:06

vaccines we haven't of miles and more importantly

15:08

we have probably about ninety five percent population

15:11

community many people who have been naturally affected

15:13

or vaccinated were both so i

15:16

would have to believe that the level of of

15:18

of disease me important disease be the kind

15:20

of disease the cause you to be hospitalized for

15:22

go to the i cu or worse die

15:25

is going to be weighed down from where we were in the

15:27

previous to fall season

15:29

that's great news i let let's talk about

15:31

something we get asked to live by our listeners

15:34

what to do about vaccines if your kids

15:36

have had

15:37

recent covert nineteen infections what

15:39

say you have a four year old who got covered over

15:41

the summer should they get vaccinated

15:45

so , the question did a

15:47

molson se as does national section protect

15:49

you against severe illness because actually the goal of

15:51

this vaccines for to protect against severe illnesses

15:53

as a short incubation period or

15:56

respiratory infection so you're infection you're you're

15:58

gonna protect against miles these even if one hundred

16:00

percent of the world were vaccinated and even if the

16:02

virus never mutated you still would have

16:05

mild as his arm so what

16:07

to do now i think that that

16:09

if you're nationally affected the

16:12

odds or you are protected against severe

16:14

disease but it really to some extent depends on the

16:16

nature of the national section sooner for those

16:18

who are mildly infected or a systematically

16:20

infected they generally develop lower

16:22

frequencies of memory be

16:24

cells memory t cells the kind of cells

16:26

that are important protection against serious disease

16:29

so when people ask me the question of my trial

16:31

was natural effect it had a mild fact of having

16:33

a systematic i could do i need to get vaccinated

16:36

my answer that question is yes because then you can

16:38

assure that they will then developed

16:40

the kind of immunity that will likely lead

16:42

to fairly long live protection against

16:45

serious illnesses it assures actors when

16:47

you're naturally affected your given a variable

16:49

dose of the virus if you will but when

16:51

you're vaccinate your given a non does

16:54

these are the immunity from the vaccine is

16:56

not equal to the immunity from insects

16:59

i'm saying that the immunity from the infection

17:01

can be variable and and it can be as good

17:03

as the vaccine but you don't know because it to some

17:06

extent depends on the level of symptomatology

17:08

with that natural affection i gotta i

17:10

gotta now parents of course have options

17:13

there are different vaccine makers out

17:15

like pfizer and most daring to do

17:17

you recommend one over the

17:19

other for our youngest kids well

17:22

so i'm the i'm advisory committee

17:24

for immunization practices on which i'm a voting

17:26

member a did meet about these two vaccines

17:28

in mid june and didn't make a distinction

17:30

between the two but there is the arguably

17:33

a with modernise vaccine which was a to dose

17:35

vaccine as a sink from pfizer's

17:37

vaccine which was a three dose vaccine you can argue

17:39

that your protection will that occur sooner

17:42

or after that say first dose of modern as vaccine

17:44

which would be arguably six weeks later which

17:47

you know which is you know just to accept that

17:49

second dose as compared to pfizer's vaccine

17:51

which is going to be closer to sixteen to eighteen weeks

17:53

later so on both vaccines

17:56

are likely to be equally effective at preventing

17:58

a mild to moderate to severe [unk]

17:59

these but you could argue that you're going to be

18:02

a meal quicker with with are sexy

18:04

oh and for babies and toddlers have

18:06

never been vaccinated they are are

18:09

they going to be protected from the various

18:11

also that are going around now

18:14

though the good news is is that i'm

18:16

while it's true that the these vaccines

18:18

whether spiders vaccine or madonna's vaccine

18:20

or novavax lexi were all may to

18:22

protect against the original strength the

18:24

original will high road test

18:27

will strain on we've now gone through

18:29

many variants and a key variants i'm

18:32

is his most recent on when when omer

18:34

crime cross the line because with all micron

18:36

you had a virus it was so mutated

18:38

that you really weren't very well protected against

18:40

mild disease to so called a mute evasive straining

18:43

that's also true with his own across some variants

18:45

like be a for be a five with the

18:47

good news is on would never

18:49

did mutate is the so called

18:51

or epitopes which are immunological a distinct

18:53

regions one source code be to spike protein

18:56

that are recognized by t cells so called

18:58

the help ourselves recite attacks details because

19:00

those are the cells that are most important

19:02

for protect you against the busy so although you

19:04

are not as well protected against mild

19:07

disease with a with all micron infection or

19:09

with arkansas very to or still well

19:11

protected against severe disease i think people need

19:13

to understand that because that's the goal the goal

19:16

is to keep people out of the out of the hospital keep

19:18

matter the as you and keep him out of the

19:20

more

19:21

how much hesitancy are you seeing

19:23

from parents to get young kids vaccinated

19:26

enormous amount of hasn't zamili

19:28

it you can you look for example as you go

19:30

down the line to younger younger children

19:32

there's greater and greater hesitancy so for example

19:35

for the twelve to fifteen year old the

19:37

uptake in that group is about sixty or sixty

19:39

five percent of children in that age group of been vaccinated

19:42

for the five to eleven year old is closer to thirty

19:44

five percent for the less than than a

19:46

five year old it's about five percent

19:48

so of parents are has to give their

19:51

child this vaccine and i think in part because

19:53

i'm it's always a difficult

19:55

i think to watch your child inoculated

19:57

with a biological agent which you might not understand

20:00

very well and dumb and so are susceptible

20:02

to kind of misinformation that surrounds these vaccines

20:05

and more importantly i think people just consider that a shouldn't

20:07

be invulnerable they can't imagine that anything

20:10

bad would ever really happened to them a

20:12

but if you ever pay attention to the some

20:14

these parent advocacy groups like

20:16

family sliding flu meningitis angels

20:19

national many right association these

20:21

are parents who children have suffered or

20:23

die from vaccine preventable disease who

20:25

had chosen not to vaccinate them and all

20:27

those parents tell the same story i can't

20:29

believe this happened to me until it happens to

20:31

them you know this is so different from

20:33

we baby boomers are generation which

20:35

we welcomed all the vaccines that came by

20:38

yes he was different time

20:40

it was more trusting time trusting

20:43

time child of the fifties i remember the poll

20:45

i was when i was five years of age

20:47

i was in a poli award for about six weeks i certainly

20:49

remember that disease i remember my mother crying

20:52

when that vaccine was was license and and recommended

20:55

that but think about it in nineteen sixty five

20:57

when jonas salk made his polio vaccine five

20:59

company step forward to make it one company

21:02

made it badly cutter laboratories

21:04

of berkeley california failed

21:06

to fully and activate that buyers as

21:08

a consequence one hundred and twenty thousand children

21:11

were inadvertently inoculated with live

21:14

fully virulent dangerous poliovirus

21:17

forty thousand developed the board of or shortlived

21:19

polio a hundred and sixty four were

21:21

permanently paralyzed and ten were killed

21:23

i would say that was the single worst

21:25

biological disaster ever to happen

21:28

in this country and is in no way

21:30

shook the public's confidence in vaccines

21:32

are vaccine makers

21:34

yes soil lower on polio

21:36

is probably a was around now how

21:38

do you and i who got that vaccine

21:41

back in the fifties are we still protected

21:43

from

21:44

well i mean i am i was born

21:47

nineteen fifty one so i got the inactivated

21:49

vaccine meaning jonas salk sex scene and then also

21:51

got the vaccine or sugar cubes which was

21:53

opera sabres vaccine so i was nike with

21:55

are usually with the so called sequential

21:57

schedule meaning inactivated vaccine

21:59

or polio vaccine so the question is on

22:02

do we have long lived a memory

22:04

response or we still protected against polio

22:06

having received those vaccines his shoulder

22:08

yes the answer is yes

22:11

and what about parents are getting polio

22:13

vaccines for their kids now

22:15

they should go out and get them

22:17

most definitely

22:18

most certainly you know that the problem with polio

22:20

is we're never going to eliminate polio

22:23

from this country until we stop giving

22:25

euro polio vaccine i mean the be

22:27

the world polio vaccine was

22:29

great and the sense that we were able to eliminate

22:31

polio from our country by

22:33

the the nineteen seventies we were able to

22:35

eliminate from the western hemisphere by ninety

22:37

ninety one that's what the oral polio vaccine gave

22:40

you with the price you pay for the oral

22:42

polio vaccine was it in rare cases

22:44

very rare roughly one per two point

22:46

four million doses that vaccine

22:48

virus could essentially revert to so

22:51

called neural the room which i mean you could be paralyzed

22:53

by the oral polio vaccine and

22:56

so although we eliminated polio from this

22:58

country by the late seventies for throughout the nineteen

23:00

eighties rather ninety nineties on

23:02

through those twenty years we continue to use

23:04

the rural polio vaccine every year

23:06

eight attention will be paralyzed by that

23:08

backseat on some who came in contact

23:11

with those who who had been inoculated

23:13

with that vexing where the vaccine virus had

23:15

reverted essentially to while typing that's

23:17

why in the year two thousand we stop

23:19

using your a polio vaccine in this country and

23:22

went back to the an active as

23:24

i know i got to soften the polio track

23:26

but i saw so many questions about covered i want

23:28

to go back to some of those cause we've

23:30

had we've been as so many things for my listeners

23:33

i getting back to getting kids

23:35

vaccinated this is a

23:38

two or three series vaccine for kids

23:40

under five kids mean when when

23:42

said they started they want to be adequately

23:44

protected before the school year begins

23:47

i mean any is it too late to time it perfectly

23:50

well as you should start now and again this

23:52

virus is going to be with us for years of not decade

23:54

so so you want your child to be protected

23:57

on his say to those vaccine in the case

23:59

of bitterness

23:59

with those two doses separated by about a month

24:02

it's a three dose vaccine for pfizer

24:04

where the second dose is three weeks after the first

24:06

and third doses two months after the second so

24:09

sure can get the get vaccinated now but

24:11

you don't have to go to school to be at risk am a you're you're

24:13

at risk because these viruses are circulating even

24:16

now and they're certainly it

24:18

is at its heart still heart still a winter respiratory

24:20

virus so you do want to be protected in the

24:23

fall and winter but get vaccinated now

24:25

and for older kids got two doses

24:27

of the vaccine and then got cove

24:30

which should they get boosted

24:32

i don't think so i think that that

24:34

natural selection following two doses was

24:36

the boost

24:37

the

24:38

and like the vaccine for adults

24:41

to have been saying some reports of side effects

24:44

and young kids does that

24:46

change how you feel about advising

24:48

parents to get their kids vaccinated what

24:51

would you worry about this is not the sort of mild

24:54

side effects meaning you know a pain

24:56

redness at the injection site fever headache

24:58

joint pain a me that those are parts of your

25:00

immune response mean those are the those symptoms

25:02

or symptoms of an immune response would you worry about

25:05

this where i worry about is my card itis which

25:07

is inflammation of heart muscle been when

25:09

on that vaccine was then recommended

25:12

safer for everyone over succeed

25:14

years of age you knew that that for

25:16

the say sixteen to seventeen year old

25:18

male after the second dose usually

25:20

within a week of the second those those

25:22

people could get my car titus information

25:25

at the heart muscle which you know although short lived

25:27

and generally transients of resolving still

25:29

quite worrisome in it was about one in twenty

25:31

thousand risk and so you worried

25:34

i worried as we moved out of the twelve to fifteen

25:36

year old the five to eleven year old census was a

25:38

young male phenomenon would it be

25:40

even greater as we got younger age

25:42

groups and that wasn't true it was less

25:44

and less us a real so

25:46

you it was one of twenty thousand one of fifty thousand

25:49

one hundred thousand remember

25:51

source code be to virus also causes

25:53

micro titus i mean there was a study done

25:55

on in of among athletes

25:58

among athletes state university onto

26:00

these are are many women between eighteen

26:02

and twenty two years of age and what they did was

26:04

they look the people who had covered at

26:07

whether they had symptoms cardiac

26:09

heart symptoms are not everyone got

26:11

a cardiac m r i to answer the question how

26:13

common was my provide

26:15

us with kobe and the it's was one

26:17

in forty five people had had evidence

26:20

of margaret eyes two thirds of them are asymptomatic

26:22

one third of them were symptomatic that switch

26:24

with not to get a vaccine is never a risk free

26:26

choice is joyce it's adjust the choice

26:29

to take a different risk and i would argue if

26:31

you're risking cove which you are i'm

26:33

it's a choice to take a more serious the

26:36

two sides friday from w a noisy

26:38

studios talking

26:40

with act paul offit pediatrician

26:43

and the vaccine expert based in philadelphia

26:45

pennsylvania okay let's shift

26:47

gears to another another

26:50

, disease as been in the news

26:52

a lot and up of course i'm talking about

26:54

monkey pox we've heard concerns

26:56

from parents who worry that

26:59

if it gets into the general population

27:01

that spreads in schools could be

27:04

a nightmare what what's your take on this

27:06

this guess i don't see that i think

27:09

this is a virus which is for the

27:11

most part spread by skin to skin contact

27:14

on if you look at where the cases occur

27:16

they've ninety five percent of these cases

27:18

are in men who have sex with men it especially

27:20

men who have a many sexual partners

27:23

i'm so ten children get this virus

27:25

yes that they get it typically by

27:27

having an adult in the home who has monkey pox

27:30

and whom they have either skin to have contact

27:32

for end up sharing things like you know blankets

27:34

or towels that's where you see monkey pox

27:36

site where were you worry about school spread

27:39

his about school viruses that have a

27:41

respiratory route as an important part

27:43

of pathogenesis meaning that the viruses contained

27:46

in in small droplets that are spread from one

27:48

person to another by talking

27:50

or sneezing or coughing or that's not this bar

27:52

so i don't really see this as

27:54

a problem in school

27:56

because we know the kids are notoriously none

27:58

hi janet cry

27:59

they're going to be touching and feeling a rating they

28:02

get their hands ah yes that's exactly

28:04

i'm day yeah they're still think we're going to get

28:06

to a point where we start giving the monkey

28:08

pox vaccine to kids go

28:10

somewhere along the line or now i

28:12

don't think so it's a yam the

28:15

vaccine to choose it's currently be uses

28:17

his so called the jenny oh sexy and

28:19

so and so should take a step back so

28:21

that and which is designed to protect against smallpox

28:24

human smallpox there's not really a monkey

28:26

pox specific vaccine this is a ride is

28:28

underpinned smallpox which is really the way

28:30

the first vaccine was made me when edward jenner

28:32

made his smallpox vaccine to use callbacks

28:35

because it was energetically now we know

28:37

energetically related enough so that infection

28:39

with one protect against disease caused

28:41

by another so there's a lot of this sort of cross

28:43

species protection so this

28:45

this genius vaccine yeah is

28:47

made by taking really the original smallpox

28:50

vaccine was this about anc restraint

28:52

and then modifying it by

28:54

passing it like five hundred times

28:56

in chick embryo fiberglass as

28:58

were significantly weaken that bars

29:01

and dramatically really virtually eliminated

29:03

the side effects which were significantly associated

29:06

with the smallpox that the the original smallpox

29:08

vaccine which could cause minor crisis

29:10

pair carl hiaasen and serious

29:12

illness so we've eliminated that

29:15

i'm i think it there's not a does not a lot

29:17

of actually available as part of problems with

29:19

the got the government or decided

29:21

to do was to be able to expand

29:24

the amount of actually by essentially giving one fifth

29:26

of those and giving an intra donnelly

29:29

which makes sense actually mean the intradermal

29:31

area of urea just under your skin

29:33

is rich in the kind of so called andijan

29:36

presenting cells like dendritic cells that

29:38

makes that a more effective vaccine essentially of

29:40

it if mimics in many ways the

29:42

scarf occasion procedure that was used

29:44

when you and i got the small fire scratching

29:47

the skin yeah that

29:49

scratch left you with a scarf okay

29:51

wow i think we've covered it i just

29:53

want to ask you if you have any parting words about

29:55

infectious diseases the school

29:58

year that you want to leave with

29:59

it

30:00

what does that that they get your child vaccinated

30:03

i think the the airdrop his parents

30:05

his to put our children and the safest position

30:07

pass one vaccines afford that say

30:10

except well as always thank

30:13

you so much sector office takings have to be

30:15

with us today

30:16

that was my pleasure

30:17

paul offit director of the vaccine

30:19

education center at the children's

30:22

hospital of philadelphia we

30:24

have to take a break and when we come back i look behind

30:26

the scenes at the up coming are

30:28

to miss mission to put people back

30:31

the moon

30:33

support for this program also comes from the [unk] winston

30:35

foundation

30:38

this is i've friday i am i replayed oh it's

30:40

been more than sixty four years since

30:42

apollo eight circled the moon with three

30:44

astronauts in preparation for the first

30:46

moon landing you may recall that iconic

30:49

earthrise photo taken by bill lancers

30:52

well on august twenty ninth nasa will try

30:54

to circle the moon again to marks

30:56

the beginning of the art and this program

30:58

it's nasa's long awaited series of

31:00

missions designed to send humans

31:02

back to the moon this time though

31:04

know humans the mission will carry

31:07

to phantom women dummies testing

31:09

out and anti radiation

31:11

invest in greek mythology

31:13

are to miss his apollo's twin sister

31:16

but this visit to the moon will be no

31:18

mirror image of the last or

31:21

to miss relies on a new level of international

31:23

and commercial partnership and also

31:25

plans to land the first woman and

31:28

person of color of the moon johnny

31:30

me to talk about the art of his generation

31:32

of space exploration the take

31:34

a bleacher who holds a phd

31:37

in geological sciences he his teeth

31:39

exploration scientists at nasa

31:41

woke up the science friday yeah thanks

31:44

there for having me i'm really excited beer and talked

31:46

about our miss are exciting programmed

31:48

to go explore the mood one that's

31:50

a good that's a good way to begin because i can't

31:53

help but look at arnhem it's a fake than

31:55

going to the moon it's like phase

31:57

of all over again we've been there

31:59

done than fifty years ago we

32:02

had our moon buggy driving around we collected

32:04

rock samples we had a golf ball

32:06

or two in fact that cat so

32:08

routine after apollo seventeen

32:11

and nasa decided to spend the money elsewhere

32:14

cancel the last three apollo missions

32:16

so what do we have left to to proven

32:19

improve

32:20

there is very much that the moon has yet

32:22

to tell us about our place in the solar

32:24

system in the history the universe that's

32:27

why reasons we're so lucky to have the moon

32:29

there it's like having a library

32:31

about the history of the universe right next

32:34

door

32:35

you know

32:36

you're correct we did go to the moon during apollo

32:39

but i don't like to think of this of this

32:41

of starts and finishes this

32:43

is a trajectory or a path of exploration

32:46

that were we went out to

32:48

the moon during apollo missions that we landed

32:51

in handful of locations on the near

32:53

side near the equator of the moon but

32:56

you know just like you can't characterize

32:58

the entire earth by only a few spots

33:00

that you went to one time you can't

33:03

characterize the moon that way either but

33:05

what we did learn was that we had a lot to learn

33:07

about spending longer periods of time

33:09

and space that's what led

33:11

to the international space station we

33:14

that astronauts on the space station for twenty

33:16

years continuously we just passed the

33:18

to decade mar the those

33:21

folks have taught us a lot about

33:23

how to survive and live

33:25

and even thrive in the space environment

33:28

which is all critical for us if we want

33:30

to spend more time on the moon and

33:32

eventually start to think about destinations

33:34

farther away like maybe mars we

33:37

learned from apollo we

33:39

need to study how to survive we

33:42

also have learned from those samples

33:44

what questions to ask what what

33:46

is it that the moon has to tell us and

33:48

now when we go to the moon going

33:51

to the south polar region the mood were

33:53

no one's ever been in it will be very

33:55

different looking than what we saw from apollo

33:58

i know that one of the aims of

34:00

the item his mission is to actually

34:03

credo on orbiting space

34:05

station and then is it eventually

34:08

to build a moon colony

34:10

though are to miss will be our

34:12

first step in working together

34:15

multinational effort to be

34:17

able to spend more and more time out

34:19

in space the just like the international

34:22

space station is a collaborative effort

34:24

are to miss will be a chance for

34:26

us to work with partners work with industry

34:28

work with academia

34:30

to think about in develop

34:32

an approach to to humanity

34:34

spending more time out in space to

34:37

be able to study complicated

34:39

process

34:40

we can do that with robots but there's

34:42

a certain aspect that having people

34:45

there that that's very valuable

34:47

we've got twenty years as you said

34:49

going around the earth doing these kinds of

34:51

things didn't we learn and are from all those

34:53

the all those years doing those things and

34:55

the space station what would be the bigger questions

34:58

we have on the moon so the moon

35:00

is this great place it doesn't

35:02

have an atmosphere like the earth

35:05

and so on the moon is

35:07

evidence about what was going

35:09

on here on the earth for instance when lifestyle

35:13

big questions that we actually can't

35:15

answer by staying here on the earth

35:18

one of the reasons are going to the south pole

35:21

of the moon because as opposed

35:23

to the moon there are impact

35:25

craters basically holes in the ground where

35:27

rocks from space of hit the moon

35:30

and made a big circle he can actually see them

35:32

with your naked eye when you look at the moon at

35:34

night you can see that there

35:36

and around features on the moon those

35:38

are places where big rocks from space

35:41

of hit them the polar

35:43

region those depressions those craters

35:46

they never see sunlight so

35:48

from the entire history the

35:51

moon which spans basically the history

35:53

of the solar system it's been slowly

35:55

collecting water volatile

35:58

other volatile elements from britain's

36:00

comments that may run into the mood maybe

36:02

even volatile that were released as it was cool

36:06

those volatile frac

36:08

how the solar system has the ball

36:11

through the time period that life got a foothold

36:14

here on the earth if we can get

36:16

access to that type of material we

36:18

can actually start to answer some

36:21

big questions and maybe learn how to

36:23

ask even more questions about

36:25

why are we hear how did we get here

36:28

you know is this the only place that we are those

36:30

are canada big level kinds of questions

36:33

that nasa gets tasked with tackling and

36:35

you have to go find that evidence

36:38

it's not readily available here on earth

36:40

it's been reported that last year

36:43

china and russia are gonna jointly build

36:45

a moon base

36:46

basically competing with rms

36:49

are we in another space race

36:53

well you know they could go and build

36:55

what they want we're definitely working

36:57

with other partners globally to

37:00

go and build research stations as well

37:03

are the interest is to go

37:05

in partnership and can get a foothold

37:08

on the moon where we can

37:10

kind of use that to grow so

37:12

we'll go and will land with some of

37:14

our first artemis missions and come home the

37:17

missions will be very long but they'll help

37:19

us learn about the surviving

37:21

in the south polar region but then

37:23

unlike apollo our

37:26

plan is to start putting down infrastructure

37:28

so maybe a habitat or maybe some

37:30

rovers the can be reused the

37:33

we don't have to bring the same hardware back

37:35

each time with us and we can start to build

37:37

up that doesn't exclude anybody

37:39

else from doing the same thing the goal here

37:41

is to learn about the moon

37:44

i've heard nasa say that their ultimate goal

37:46

is to go to mars the mars

37:48

has a whole different atmosphere whole different

37:50

surface

37:52

what can you learn from spending this time on

37:54

the moon when it be better to invest in going

37:56

to mars like the stated mission says

37:59

yeah so more is is as ever

38:01

a destination for for nasa it's

38:03

it's one of the places out there in the solar system

38:05

it does actually still have a little bit

38:08

of an atmosphere and it has some of the resources

38:10

that we might need to be ever survive

38:13

long period of time without

38:15

being emirates in a resupply for the

38:17

or but it's really

38:20

far away and so

38:22

we are just like we use the international

38:25

space station over two decades this

38:27

to learn about the impact

38:30

of the human body of

38:32

living in space we need

38:34

to learn about living in

38:36

deep space at the moon to prepare for

38:38

that trip to mars the

38:40

international space station in

38:42

low earth orbit is protected from

38:45

the solar wind the radiation

38:47

from the sun by a magnetic

38:49

spiel the moon at

38:51

you're not always protected in there and so

38:53

we can actually start learning about

38:55

that next step right so we

38:58

learned about surviving in canada

39:00

weightlessness weightless environment in

39:02

low earth orbit but still protected from the sun

39:05

the moon will learn about how really survival

39:07

a deep space how do you protect yourself

39:10

the out in that environment and what is that environment

39:12

truly like so we'll be able to make

39:14

measurements and characterize that environment

39:17

start to learn what

39:20

we have to prepare astronauts for

39:22

as well as our hardware to make that trip

39:24

out to mars were kind of writing

39:26

the blueprint now for exploring

39:28

the solar says mars is certainly

39:31

part of that that blueprint

39:33

they said there are a couple of mannequins

39:35

on this mission instead of real people

39:37

and i think one of the mannequins is wearing

39:40

a vest to protect from radiation

39:42

to study that

39:43

that's correct yes so so

39:46

our first started on this mission arms one

39:48

which can be launching as soon as the end

39:50

of this month august the

39:53

is the first test run of

39:55

our space launch system which is the big

39:57

rocket that can can push our crew

39:59

capsule the ryan out

40:01

to the moon

40:02

inside the a ryan capsule which will

40:04

go out and circle around the moon

40:07

for this first ornaments mission and then returned

40:10

i splashed down here it's a check out

40:12

of the system

40:13

we are doing science the whole time so

40:16

we have radiation sensors on the inside

40:18

of the orion we actually have some

40:20

biology experiments that are looking

40:22

at what's the impact to

40:24

a to life science out there

40:26

beyond low earth orbit but then what

40:29

you're pointing out as we have to mannequins

40:31

or that will be traveling and testing some capabilities

40:34

to actually protect our astronauts

40:37

ah from radiation so basically wearing

40:39

like a protective best coupled

40:41

with the measurements were making will be able to tell

40:43

how well that that attempt is

40:46

at protecting our astral

40:48

of course there have not been a lot of people

40:51

who have set foot on the moon but there have

40:53

been a number and the

40:55

more times it seems that we

40:57

send people to walk around on the moon the

41:00

more we are affecting our lunar

41:02

experiment tar weeknights

41:04

mean the people compact the soil they

41:07

leave behind human waste and

41:09

leave behind our microbiome

41:11

astronauts walking around change

41:13

the environment undoubtedly ,

41:16

there is an impact from from astronaut

41:18

so one of the things that we tried

41:20

to do actually is is

41:22

know use robotics as well to help

41:24

characterized the environment so we

41:26

actually have actually ,

41:29

set of a robotic landers

41:31

that are going stein to go to the moon

41:33

here in the next couple years ago

41:36

get there before astronauts

41:38

in they're going global the

41:40

their landing in different places but some of them will

41:42

be in the south polar regions well

41:44

some of them are scouting out looking at

41:46

the water

41:48

try to help us understand

41:50

how much of it is their what status

41:52

it is so we can understand

41:55

if it's something we can use or

41:57

if it's something we can study what's the right way to

41:59

sample

41:59

ah but will also have measurements

42:02

their that help characterize what that environment

42:04

looks like which is a key measurement to understand

42:07

before astronauts get there there there would

42:09

be some people who would say well why do

42:11

we send people then we have really

42:13

good robots who have proven

42:15

themselves on mars and it's you're going to send robots

42:17

to the moon why not just send

42:20

no very smart marshall micro button

42:22

and not have to send the astronauts

42:25

or yeah so that's kind of a of

42:27

much bigger philosophical question so

42:29

is humankind going to explore

42:33

you know around us in the solar system not

42:36

i'm and i think that the answer that

42:38

question is we want to send people

42:40

to explore we want to send people to

42:42

learn there are other places

42:44

we can survive in

42:47

the solar but also

42:49

there are certain activities that

42:51

humans do a much better job at than

42:53

and robots can so robots

42:55

are really good at you know making

42:58

consistent routine measurements ah

43:00

they can go into places that may be are more

43:02

hazardous to humans if he designed them

43:04

to handle that but , are also

43:06

activities that maybe we need

43:09

that humid that ability for for

43:11

human cognitive approach to to

43:13

take over so if you're sampling

43:15

something for instance that's volatile by

43:18

nature that word volatile means that it's not

43:20

necessarily stable the

43:22

of you expose our eyes

43:25

or water on the surface of

43:27

the moon it will quickly go away so

43:29

you'd you need something to be able to

43:32

make choices and decisions rapidly

43:35

and that only gets more and more difficult

43:37

as you move farther and farther away francis

43:40

tomorrow mars you

43:42

have the best eight

43:44

to ten minute one way communications

43:47

and it can be up to over twenty and

43:49

, you may you know following

43:51

on your question you may say well

43:54

maybe you don't need people to do that to do moon because

43:56

it's a close but this is the proving ground

43:59

that held

43:59

that learn how to do this elsewhere in

44:02

the solar says

44:03

i'm i replayed only society friday from

44:05

w n y c studios what

44:09

is the have timeline

44:11

of the first landing

44:13

on the moon

44:15

and what would constitute

44:18

a successful first mission

44:20

here a bar them as as you say that's launching at

44:22

the end of the my

44:23

yeah so we're aiming

44:25

to get our astronauts out to

44:27

the moon in what would be artemis

44:30

three around twenty twenty five but

44:33

you know it's all depending on what we do learn

44:35

from this first mission and then and second

44:37

mission artists to that

44:39

would actually do the same thing as aramis

44:41

one but carry astronauts along i'm

44:43

suppose astronauts won't land but they will be

44:45

part of that of that com

44:47

like an apollo eight you

44:50

mentioned the earthrise these a

44:52

d d astronauts that are in a very similar seat

44:54

to those astronauts from apollo what

44:57

would make artemis wanna success is

45:00

, know flying all the systems systems

45:04

buying them in a near nominal status

45:06

you know they do what we expect them to them

45:09

ah and they returned safely and

45:11

anything that's not nominal that we are able

45:13

to understand it you know why did that happen

45:16

get , data that that supports

45:18

some and interpretation of what

45:20

happened so that we can move forward to the next mission

45:24

the

45:25

this is something like a forty day mission

45:28

right so my question is why so long

45:30

to just prove you can

45:32

make these maneuvers and

45:35

it back to earth yeah so

45:37

i'm loopers while we don't have the astronauts

45:39

in there so we're not burning hard to get

45:41

out to the moon and a minimal amount of time

45:44

and we want to collect enough data about

45:46

the environment that were flying through to make sure

45:48

that our systems are working with what

45:50

we really are trying to do is put these

45:52

systems to a full test though

45:55

and artem his mission with astronauts

45:58

goes out and with the a

46:00

ryan into what we call a near rectilinear

46:03

halo orbit which is fancy

46:05

jargon for a big or bit the kinda

46:07

goes around the polls of the moon and

46:10

the astronauts there any ryan with

46:13

and doc with what's called a human landing

46:15

system and , human landing system

46:17

will take them down to the surface and

46:19

then it will bring them back up to the ryan

46:22

and then come home home so

46:24

a whole art in this mission with crew

46:27

is not something that you do and only a few

46:29

days and so what we're trying to do with our

46:31

to miss one is mimic come

46:33

at the duration of the activities that

46:35

will do in the environment

46:37

that are astronauts and that are will be

46:39

answer that we have the right data to

46:42

know that that a systems work well

46:45

we wish you great luck doctor bleacher

46:47

and everybody else at nasa in

46:49

your first the orbit back to the moon

46:52

yeah thank you very much i mean it is that

46:55

it's exciting for us i hope it's exciting for everybody

46:58

there's gonna be a lot of a lot

47:00

of

47:01

people watching on with great interest here at the

47:03

and in a month as we get ready to launch this rocket

47:05

as i remember from my launching of apollo

47:08

you get to feel it in here at more than

47:10

see snow the thank you dr jacob

47:12

bleacher is the chief exploration

47:15

scientists have nasa thank

47:17

you very much at the special thanks to

47:19

mckenzie white for producing this

47:21

interview in fact mckenzie herself

47:24

as a planetary scientists yes he

47:26

joined us this summer as a mass media

47:29

fellow through the american association

47:31

for the advancement of science you

47:33

heard her work when we covered everything from

47:35

plant immune systems to our teen

47:38

innovator series to the first human

47:40

lunar exploration since apollo

47:43

thank you mckenzie for your hard work

47:45

and insightful production wishing

47:47

you good luck in your next endeavor

47:49

haven't met any part of this program where you'd like to

47:51

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48:11

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