0:00

Hi I'm Wendy the Come and you're listening

0:02

to science classes. The.

0:05

Recently. Scientists discovered

0:08

this super weed thing.

0:11

Early. In. The universe. It's

0:15

so strange. That. It's

0:17

making some nerds question our

0:19

theory. Of everything.

0:22

Like everything. This.

0:25

Story. It's. So bonkers and

0:27

not really that well known that

0:29

I just had to share with

0:32

you. It comes from our friends

0:34

at the podcast. Unexplainable from Box.

0:36

Maybe I'm an unexplainable, explores scientific

0:38

mysteries and unanswered questions at it

0:41

doesn't get much bigger than the

0:43

story were sharing with you today.

0:45

Brian Resnick is reporting and Brian's

0:48

interviewing professor Caitlin Casey who studies

0:50

how galaxies bomb at the University

0:52

of Texas. I really hope you

0:54

enjoy this episode. What

0:57

the hell? Is that? The edge of space? Is.

0:59

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U H one.com. Standing

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by for terminal Killed two years

1:55

ago on Christmas, I was pretty

1:57

pumped up and not just because.

2:00

The a day off work

2:02

humans, We're launching this giant

2:04

new gizmo into space. And

2:08

what did I say? This is

2:10

the future Nasa's James Webb Space

2:13

Telescope. The James Webb Space Telescope

2:15

which is a mouthful So sometimes

2:17

this is called C W as

2:20

see the Thing is the latest

2:22

greatest space Telescope. better in many

2:24

ways than it's predecessor, the Hubble.

2:27

It compare deeper into the cosmos

2:29

than any previous orbiting observatory. He

2:31

could just do so much stuff

2:34

like investigate planets orbiting other son.

2:37

Of has a giant red planet

2:39

outside of our solar system. It

2:41

could observe the birth and demise

2:43

of star what we're seeing. Here

2:46

is essentially a stellar nursery.

2:48

But the thing that I think it's coolest

2:50

about it is that we're going right up

2:52

to the ads of the observable universe. That's

2:56

astronomer Caitlin Casey. See actually gets

2:58

used the Webb telescope and I

3:00

talk to her before at last.

3:02

We. Chatted about how. Things

3:05

very far away and space. In.

3:07

A telescope are actually also very old

3:09

because the light has taken a long

3:11

time to reach us, and with the

3:14

James Webb Space Telescope, some of that

3:16

light is almost as old as the

3:18

universe itself. Were. Trying. To see.

3:21

Which. Galaxies turned on First,

3:23

this is a couple years

3:26

ago and. I. Just wanted

3:28

to get an update from Caitlin.

3:30

Has J W S T. Hasn't

3:33

lived up to the hype and. To

3:36

put it, simply, kill him and her colleagues. They're.

3:38

Just. Starstruck. I

3:41

use every is a cat that I can

3:43

squirrel. Away from my family from city

3:45

in my classes at the university it's

3:48

I use. Every second of every day

3:50

that just look. At these images and

3:52

dig. Deeper is T W S

3:54

de giving him the way of

3:57

really some said families. Yeah

4:00

will dry. I have three kids under

4:02

the for hisself my life that you

4:04

know mandatory. I have a lot of

4:06

balance of personally I've met of yeah

4:08

after the kids go to bed that's

4:10

when the data pops up. Where

4:13

work. And again since it's. So.

4:15

Fascinating. I

4:18

really wanted to know what is

4:20

she looking at on her laptop

4:22

as keeping her up at nice

4:24

wild things in the early universe.

4:26

As early as time, the universe

4:29

was having a party and we

4:31

had no idea what's happening. He

4:33

says that before the web she

4:35

thought they're just wouldn't be a

4:37

ton to see. So far back

4:39

in time we thought we would

4:41

maybe see a couple of more

4:43

distant galaxies, but they would. Be

4:46

very, very rare. Instead, they're

4:48

seeing something unexpected in. This

4:50

is what's amazing to me.

4:53

This telescope turned on and

4:55

now we have one of

4:58

the new biggest questions and

5:00

science is sending researchers into

5:02

a frenzy to try to

5:05

explain the hell is going

5:07

on. The party that is

5:09

happening in the early universe

5:12

is really shocking to astronomers,

5:14

so that. Is today. So

5:16

what has the James Webb

5:18

Space Telescope discovered that is

5:20

so shock? Each.

5:34

Know. What

5:38

is the party? What is what is like?

5:40

The most surprising thing that Web has shown

5:42

us. Yeah, as seat of

5:45

yes T has been. Mind

5:48

boggling because. We have

5:50

sounds. Really? Much

5:52

her bards bright galaxies

5:55

back even further than

5:57

we. Expected there.

6:00

Extraordinarily massive.

6:02

Much her.

6:04

Galaxies. At this time that

6:07

we just. We had no clue it's

6:09

really da. Flames and it's is. Looking

6:11

at a time and the universe has has

6:14

streets. Were were really starting

6:16

to. But. Up against. The.

6:19

The age of the universe itself.

6:21

It's it's. You. Know how

6:23

do you form Rome in a

6:25

day? Like. You can't form

6:27

roman a day, right? As it says, There's

6:30

too much to do. And.

6:34

These galaxies are. Rome.

6:37

And they have formed in a day.

6:39

Our dates they are is. Unusual.

6:42

In almost every way and they've

6:44

had very, very little time to

6:46

assemble. Wow, you know. another another

6:49

helpful analogy that I really like.

6:51

If you think about. Generations

6:53

of people and their

6:55

families and how that

6:57

progressive it's as is

6:59

your grandparents. Were only like

7:01

forty five years older than you, and

7:04

your parents are only a year or

7:06

two older than the Neo services. As

7:08

weird as learning your grandfather grew to

7:11

be an adult and four days and

7:13

then started his own or summer for

7:15

your sort of lana. Yeah, that

7:17

makes know your and straight as

7:20

is. So that's what's happening to

7:22

stars and these distant galaxies. What

7:25

are they look like in the images

7:27

you see. They. Look like

7:30

paint smudges. I thought i guess.

7:33

They are just unassuming

7:36

dots of light ah

7:38

that looks like almost

7:40

every. Other, Honestly, when you

7:42

know.of light, you you can infer

7:44

from these muddy little blips of

7:46

blade that they are actually huge

7:49

and mature. and very bright. And

7:51

and bigger than you'd expect for

7:53

the time period. Yeah, so instead

7:55

of just taking a single picture

7:57

of a galaxy. Were able

7:59

to. To understand how much energy

8:01

comes out in all sorts of

8:04

different types of light, we say

8:06

a picture is worth a thousand

8:08

words. That's absolutely true, but you

8:11

know a spectrum is worth a

8:13

thousand pixels. Snow is is just

8:15

so much information. It's

8:17

like a fingerprint for for

8:19

all of these different galaxies

8:22

and these dots are little

8:24

smudges on the sky. Barely.

8:26

Visible and you know if you

8:29

decide that image, you can guess

8:31

that it's a distant galaxy. But you

8:33

don't know much about a you don't know. How

8:35

massive it is. You don't know what

8:37

it's made out of. yeah, but these

8:39

are things that. We. Can

8:41

tell by reading the the

8:44

fingerprint, the chemical signature of

8:46

these galaxies from their spectra

8:48

and so that spin astounding.

8:50

Okay, So there are early

8:52

big galaxies in the universe.

8:54

So so what? Yeah, so

8:57

what is right? I mean, it's

8:59

a it's a good question And

9:01

it turns out that if you

9:04

really dig into the details of

9:06

that question, it's a challenge for

9:08

not just astronomers, but physicists to

9:10

come up with a way where

9:12

you can form something so big

9:15

so quickly in the short period

9:17

of time after the Big Bang.

9:20

So. Are you basically telling me

9:22

these early galaxies? We have no

9:24

idea how they stand. Well,

9:26

I think we. I think we

9:28

have an idea of how most

9:30

galaxies. Four months later on. In

9:33

the universe is histories say

9:35

build stars from das like

9:37

hydrogen gas that's in space

9:39

upgrade and over time they're

9:41

building more more stars. And

9:43

those. Bill. That but when

9:45

you push it to the

9:48

limits and find. A

9:51

lot of stars very early on in

9:53

the universe as history. Then you have

9:55

to come up with some other explanation

9:57

and and some folks want to. The

10:00

throw out at our cosmological model

10:02

completely and the that is it

10:05

out that would change everything we

10:07

think we understand about the universe

10:09

mile. but you know not. Not

10:12

everyone is is is is dig a

10:14

man. Of as. I

10:16

do. I do when I get to

10:18

like what are the possibilities here, but

10:20

before I feel like it's good to

10:22

ask, Are we really confident that these

10:24

galaxies are as old as brave, and

10:27

as weird as you're saying. Another

10:29

great classes and boy have

10:31

there been debates about that

10:33

at conferences. Tomatoes.

10:36

Have been frown laments. Literal

10:40

tomatoes are metaphor one a

10:42

metaphorical of got were and

10:44

white civilized. Assistance.

10:50

If what the Webb telescope

10:52

has discovered aren't big bright

10:54

galaxies, what are the. That's

10:57

after. This.

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13:31

So. I've been talking to astronomer

13:33

Killing Key see about whether these

13:35

weirdly large mature galaxies spotted by

13:37

the Webb Telescope are really what

13:40

we think they are. Yeah.

13:42

It's is a huge point of

13:44

debate whether or not these are

13:47

actually as massive as effects. But

13:49

the alternate explanations and get this.

13:51

Is. Also really confusing and.

13:54

If they aren't as massive

13:56

and bright and big as

13:58

we thank, then. Maybe.

14:00

We're looking at some of the

14:02

most massive. Supermassive.

14:05

Black holes. But. The.

14:07

Reason that is disturbing as because

14:09

just like we don't know how to

14:11

farm stars really quickly, we have

14:13

really. No clue how to form.

14:16

Black. Holes that are so massive?

14:18

so you're You're saying the the

14:20

telescope has picked up that he's

14:22

a really bright. The really big

14:24

we're assuming they're galaxies, but also

14:27

a black hole could be bright

14:29

and big. Yeah so they are

14:31

gallons is for sure. but there

14:33

is a situation where at the

14:35

light might not be coming from.

14:37

Stars and the

14:40

Alternate. Option is

14:42

that light is coming in

14:45

from a very very hot

14:47

disk of material that is

14:50

been sucked into a giant

14:52

black hole. and that disk

14:54

of material is so high

14:57

that it science. Really brightly

14:59

a ten even in some

15:01

situations outside the Galaxy and

15:03

which had live while before

15:06

yesterday. Like some people are

15:08

saying, You. Know maybe we

15:10

need a throughout or cosmological models as

15:12

curious? what? what? Like one? What is

15:14

because high school model and to like?

15:16

What is this? Why does this even

15:18

implicate something that sounds so big like

15:21

that? Yeah, it actually means. The

15:23

Theory of Everything assists. It tells

15:25

us. The. Says X

15:27

of the entire universe. It

15:30

is the scaffolding. On which

15:32

we. Build. our understand the

15:34

and season else and if we

15:36

have to take that scaffolding down.

15:38

And rebuild it. Then we we

15:40

really have no clue. You.

15:42

Know what reality is? So.

15:45

When you say like some people even

15:47

thinking about rewriting the cosmological model, what's

15:49

like a small piece of that agree

15:51

thinking of like how gravity works are

15:54

rethinking how you know some of the

15:56

like. Something like that. We're not

15:58

necessarily. I think. I think. In our

16:00

most, astronomers are pretty cool with

16:03

gravity. Zero

16:05

gravity out and know any better. And

16:07

but for. Example: Something we

16:10

don't understand: dark energy?

16:12

Maybe. We. Don't.

16:15

Understand it added another level

16:17

and it could have been

16:19

doing something different than what

16:22

we think at really early

16:24

times so. Example: If you

16:26

inject a little more energy

16:29

into dark energy in. Ah,

16:31

at the short period of time after the Big

16:33

Bang. Then you could, Maybe. Get.

16:36

Out what we're seeing. What? Cbs

16:38

you? Have you heard

16:40

any compelling stories of how how

16:42

the stars farm so quickly? How

16:44

these. You. Know like do.

16:47

What are some good guesses? Her. One.

16:49

Explanation once it's kind of cool

16:51

is. Is using about the

16:54

early universe is of really dark

16:56

place compared to where you know

16:58

where we live now. There are

17:01

all sorts of galaxies with lots

17:03

of starlight flooding out into space

17:05

and selling the cosmos. And

17:08

that like actually. Impacts how

17:10

stars formed out of new

17:12

gas. Clouds and makes

17:14

it harder sometimes to

17:16

form stars and so.

17:19

In the early universe, those

17:21

floodlights are not on him

17:24

and so you could form

17:26

stars really really quickly in

17:28

a way that can't happen

17:30

today because right now the

17:32

flood lights are on his

17:35

as interesting that ideas that

17:37

starlight itself impedes the. Development

17:39

of other stars? Yeah, yeah,

17:41

Sounds like these explanations you're

17:43

just telling me maybe sit

17:45

within our cosmological model in

17:47

this Vienna without throwing about

17:50

Yeah, Yeah, exactly. And you know, as

17:52

scientists, that's. What we aim to do

17:54

first to eat out or cosmological model

17:56

does a pretty good job. It explains

17:58

a lot about the. The river

18:00

and. Any time you change

18:03

that. Everything is

18:05

a. Family of Ebb And

18:07

so you kind of don't wanna

18:09

throw out the prevailing theory until

18:12

you absolutely no that it's wrong

18:14

And so yeah, we try to

18:17

come up with explanations. Within

18:19

that. Scaffold. The and. What's.

18:21

Next, how do we had a leave

18:24

cigarettes? Figure. As mystery,

18:26

what happens? We. Are digging

18:28

deep and to these data I

18:30

mean the I can tell you

18:32

again like we have just scratched

18:34

the surface there is so much

18:36

more and a barn were. Still,

18:39

Digging through. These

18:42

remarkably bards. deep field.

18:45

Images that we have. We

18:47

wanna take spectra again to

18:50

get the chemical signatures of

18:52

these galaxies. Those spectra also

18:54

tell us. That. There

18:57

are a supermassive black holes in. These galaxies.

18:59

We want to precisely measure

19:01

how com and they are

19:03

at different times after the

19:06

Big Bang and. In.

19:08

The assembly of all of

19:10

this research. I think we'll

19:12

start to emerge with of

19:14

a new picture of. The.

19:18

Incense Universe does first couple hundred

19:20

million years and hopefully you know

19:22

the next year to. I'm not

19:24

gonna don't quote me on that.

19:27

Do. You ever wonder. Embarrass

19:31

asking this question almost a year from

19:33

wonder if the universe has disappeared. A

19:35

mess with us site. I

19:38

see. so I. Do I mean you

19:41

know you look back and history?

19:43

and like man Pete have some

19:45

very very smart people have been.

19:47

Totally like flabbergasted at

19:49

what the universe and

19:51

has revealed. Like you know,

19:54

did I'm signed lengthy Expanding Universe. No

19:56

way, you're not a fan. Like what?

19:58

That makes no sense. The

20:01

acceleration of the universe. Be. So.

20:05

Totally. In some ways, I'm just

20:07

like, man, this, How cool that.

20:09

The. Story of Everything is is

20:11

just so profoundly different than

20:14

what we would expect. Overall.

20:17

Despise. Important to understand this

20:19

early universe and this. You

20:21

know the sick up in our in

20:24

our understanding. I will

20:26

always go. Back to

20:28

the explanation that you

20:30

know. When leave

20:32

book out on the Cosmos, it

20:35

is us looking out on what

20:37

we are. I mean this is

20:39

the ultimate origin story, is where

20:42

we came from. And

20:44

if. We can get

20:46

a better understanding of that then. I'd

20:49

I think it's really beautiful. The

20:51

crazy wild universe type movies live

20:54

in that we can come to

20:56

understand that from with then is

20:59

a pretty profound thing to me.

21:04

Is a channel like us humans have them

21:06

kind of put inside the puzzle box. and

21:09

even if there's no prize in solving the

21:11

puzzle box, who knows what the prices are.

21:13

Solving the puzzle bucks. The zip file mean

21:15

I think that the ultimate prize. Is the

21:17

name is like if you solve the

21:20

puzzle box the you live in new

21:22

songs you solve that you. Figure it

21:24

out. I mean, there could be

21:26

no better accomplish. Yeah, and it's

21:29

just a real privilege that. Astronomers.

21:33

Get to do this for a

21:35

listener a that that we get

21:38

to try to solve the biggest

21:40

puzzle there is years and I

21:42

just love it. And the puzzle

21:44

is. The puzzle is what is.

21:46

The universe flies as though bonkers.

21:57

Thousand. Episode of Unexplainable from the.

22:00

Made one for credit for in the

22:02

senate's you can find more episodes from

22:04

them about all kinds of stuff like

22:06

what's up with those okay, is it

22:08

something votes? why to we cry and

22:10

as even a deep dive into while

22:13

some athletes. Job and get

22:15

something called the Gifts. Sides

22:18

Vs will be back next ways

22:20

and of I cannot wait See

22:22

here this episode. I'm

22:24

when these are the men. Of Action exam.