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0:33

It's the early hours of Christmas morning, 1776. On

0:37

the frozen banks of the Delaware River

0:40

in Pennsylvania, 21-year-old Captain Alexander Hamilton wonders

0:42

if it's possible to be any colder

0:44

than he is right now and survive.

0:51

The river below is an obstacle course of

0:54

ice and slush. It's enough

0:56

to kill a man within seconds of falling in. Yet

0:59

the water is exactly where Hamilton is headed,

1:02

the next stage in the fight

1:04

for George Washington's Continental Army against

1:06

the British. He

1:10

leads his men down to where a flotilla of small boats

1:12

is waiting to take them across the river. Trying

1:15

to control his hacking cough, he

1:17

helps to load cannons into a 60-foot

1:19

ferry alongside 40 of his men. But

1:23

as they work, snow starts to

1:25

fall. Could things get

1:27

any worse? Less

1:31

than six months ago, the mood was buoyant

1:33

after the signing of the Declaration of

1:35

Independence. But now,

1:38

the King's forces have taken New York City,

1:40

and the dreams of a new nation have been crushed. Hamilton's

1:44

own company has already lost half its

1:46

men. And

1:48

tonight's attack, they hope, might

1:51

turn the tide. The

1:55

soldiers settle, and the ferryman

1:57

orders silence as he unties the flat-bottomed

1:59

cargo boat sitting low in the freezing

2:01

water. The crossing is only

2:03

300 yards but the river is

2:06

crammed with other boats carrying soldiers,

2:08

horses and cannons. The

2:10

crew of six jam steel tipped

2:12

oars into the riverbed as

2:15

the northeast wind propels hail into their

2:17

eyes. A

2:20

little upriver there is the splash of

2:22

a man falling overboard and panicked hushed

2:24

voices as his comrades struggle to hold

2:27

him back to safety. Eventually

2:30

Hamilton's boat reaches the New Jersey

2:32

side and he clambers up the

2:34

bank to join those already assembling. There

2:37

are fewer than he expected, perhaps only

2:39

2,000, but then he catches

2:41

a glimpse of General Washington. The

2:46

leader welcomes his men as they come ashore, his

2:49

cloak wrapped around him, powdered hair

2:51

escaping from under his black tricorn hat.

2:54

Washington is twice Hamilton's age

2:57

but his power is undiminished, respected

2:59

by his men who know he'll never ask any

3:01

sacrifice of them that he would not gladly make

3:03

himself. As

3:07

the last artilleryman assemble it's

3:09

already hours later than planned. Daylight

3:11

will make a surprise attack so much harder.

3:15

There's no going back. Washington

3:17

divides his army into two columns

3:19

to march to Trenton, nine miles

3:21

away. They take the

3:23

pitted river road through dense woodland. Hamilton

3:27

is grateful for his footwear. Many

3:29

of the men are shoeless, their injured

3:31

feet leaving a trail of bright red blood

3:34

on the snowy ground. At

3:36

least their feet are numbed by the cold.

3:41

After four long hours the forest thins

3:43

out. There's the smell of

3:45

wood smoke from houses as they enter the outskirts

3:47

of the pretty town of Trenton. But

3:50

there's no other sign of life as the

3:52

Patriots circle the settlement. Hamilton

3:55

and his men are just wheeling their

3:57

two six pound field cannons into place.

4:00

when the first mustachioed Hessians

4:02

emerged from their barracks. Shocked

4:07

by what they discover, these

4:09

German troops here to fight for

4:12

the British are perhaps bleary-eyed too

4:14

from a few festive beers the

4:16

night before. The

4:19

Hessians try to fight back. They are

4:21

tough professionals after all, but

4:24

they are outgunned as Hamilton

4:26

and his men fire cannonballs along the

4:28

town's cobbled streets. The

4:30

enemy runs for cover. The

4:38

battle at Trenton is over within minutes.

4:41

Only two Americans and 22 Hessians are

4:43

killed. One thousand prisoners

4:46

are seized along with ammunition, muskets

4:48

and barrels of rum. More

4:50

importantly, Washington's audacious mission

4:53

raises morale and patriots flock

4:55

to fight for the cause.

5:00

The founding of the United States will

5:03

change the world, inspiring other

5:05

colonies to control their own

5:07

destinies. And the

5:09

decision-makers, Washington, Hamilton, but

5:12

also Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin

5:14

and more, will become

5:16

legendary. The

5:20

phrase founding fathers will

5:22

celebrate their almost godlike status.

5:26

But nearly 250 years after the

5:28

Declaration of Independence, their legacy

5:30

is still challenged and debated. So

5:34

who were the founding fathers? How

5:36

did their talents, ideas and

5:38

flaws shape their new nation?

5:41

And how do the choices they made in the 18th

5:43

century still affect the world today?

5:47

I'm John Hopkins from Noiser. This is a

5:50

short history of the founding fathers of the

5:52

United States of America. In

6:04

1607, 150 years before the

6:06

events that lead to the founding of the United

6:08

States, the first few

6:10

hundred British immigrants found the

6:12

settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. By

6:16

the middle of the 18th century, there

6:18

are 13 British colonies stretching along the

6:20

Atlantic coast. Their combined

6:23

population has swelled to around one and

6:25

a half million. To

6:27

the north are the five New England

6:29

colonies. The middle

6:32

section includes New York and at the

6:34

bottom are the five southern colonies, including

6:36

Virginia and Georgia. Though

6:39

each has its own government and identity, they

6:42

all feel a strong connection to Britain.

6:46

Dr. Lindsay M. Chavinsky is a

6:48

presidential historian and author of The

6:51

Cabinet, George Washington and the Creation

6:53

of an American Institution. They

6:56

believe that they were the most

6:58

loyal British citizens. In fact, the

7:00

cult of monarchy, things like China

7:02

sets with the royal crest or

7:05

the family tree, those

7:07

were so popular and sold out

7:09

immediately in the colonies. A

7:12

lot of the colonists really thought of themselves

7:14

as very loyal citizens and they wanted to

7:16

be a part of the imperial project. Critically

7:19

they did not think of themselves as

7:22

second-class citizens. They thought of themselves as

7:24

on par with those that

7:26

lived in London or in England.

7:30

Until now, the colonies have mostly been

7:32

left to govern themselves. But

7:34

that hands-off rule is about to

7:36

change. It

7:41

is 1763 and Great

7:44

Britain has just emerged victorious from a

7:46

long and bloody territorial war against France.

7:49

The American colonists have played an

7:52

important role, providing soldiers and funds

7:54

to help win the conflict. But

7:57

that war has landed Britain with more

7:59

debt. and more lands to

8:01

defend. So

8:04

London looks to the American colonies to foot

8:06

the security bill. Starting

8:08

in 1764, they

8:11

passed a series of acts

8:13

of parliament creating new taxes,

8:15

first on sugar and molasses,

8:17

then on paper. This

8:20

was a huge insult because

8:22

colonists needed paper. They

8:24

sent letters, they loved to consume

8:26

newspapers and news, they needed

8:29

legal documents to run a business or to get married. So

8:32

that really got at the ideological cause,

8:34

which is how can parliament

8:36

raise funds on the colonists if

8:38

the colonists don't have any participation

8:41

in that discussion, if

8:43

they are not represented. And that

8:46

got at this idea of if

8:48

they are indeed equal citizens within

8:50

the British Empire, they need to

8:52

have representation. The

8:56

phrase, no taxation without representation,

8:59

becomes a rallying cry. But

9:01

politicians in London refuse to listen to

9:04

the colonists' protests. When

9:06

they double down by introducing still more

9:08

taxes, resistance grows. Much

9:12

of the rebellion is centered around the port

9:14

city of Boston and Massachusetts, and

9:16

regiments of British troops, known as

9:18

Regulus, are sent to enforce order.

9:22

Tensions spill over in 1770 when

9:25

the King's soldiers open fire on protesters

9:27

throwing stones. Five

9:29

civilians are killed. The

9:32

soldiers are brought to trial and

9:35

defended by a 35-year-old American

9:37

lawyer named John Adams. He

9:40

disagrees with the British military presence, but

9:43

still manages to get the soldiers acquitted. He

9:47

felt was an essential demonstration

9:49

that the nation that they wanted

9:51

to create was one of laws,

9:53

not one of men. John

9:57

Adams also kind of liked being unpopular. He felt like what

9:59

he wanted was a was doing was right. He

10:01

really liked kind of sticking it to people

10:03

if he felt that he was morally correct

10:05

and so that didn't really bother him. As

10:10

John Adams is defending the British soldiers, his

10:12

second cousin Samuel Adams is rallying

10:14

the opposition to the occupation of

10:17

Boston. Yet

10:19

Britain presses on with the Tea

10:21

Act, which floods the

10:23

colonies with cheap tea, disrupting the

10:25

independent business of local American merchants

10:28

and smokeless. In

10:32

December 1773, Samuel Adams addresses a

10:34

protest meeting of thousands of people.

10:37

But the gathering ends with many participants

10:40

heading for the harbour where they dump

10:42

342 chests

10:44

of British supplied tea into the

10:46

water. In

10:48

retaliation for what becomes known as the

10:50

Boston Tea Party, the London government

10:52

passes laws designed to ruin the

10:55

city's economy. It's

10:57

intended to warn the other 12 American

10:59

colonies to toe the line. But

11:02

it backfires spectacularly. They

11:06

felt like the entire

11:08

colony of Massachusetts was being punished for

11:11

the actions of a small handful of

11:13

individuals. And if that were true, then

11:15

all of the colonies could be punished for

11:17

the actions of only a few people. And

11:20

so that was really worrisome for them

11:22

and led to a

11:24

sense that there needed to be more coordinated

11:26

action. And if there was going to be

11:28

a widespread economic response, for example, then that

11:31

needed to be planned and coordinated so that

11:33

it wasn't merchants in certain places

11:35

taking the hit and really acting

11:38

on their own. Britain's

11:42

so-called Intolerable Acts galvanized the

11:45

independence movement. This

11:47

legislation closes Boston Harbour and brings

11:49

the city under much more stringent

11:51

colonial control. So,

11:54

ten months after the Boston Tea Party, a

11:57

group of 56 men from 12 of

11:59

the colonies meet to decide what to

12:01

do next. The

12:03

first Continental Congress takes place in

12:05

September 1774 in Philadelphia.

12:11

The delegates from the North include

12:13

Samuel Adams and his lawyer cousin

12:15

John and from Virginia in

12:17

the South a 42-year-old military

12:19

hero turned politician by

12:21

the name of George Washington. They'll

12:25

spend the next seven weeks thrashing out their

12:27

options, including a boycott of British

12:29

imports and establishment of their own

12:31

military force. But

12:33

apart from their desire for change, the

12:36

men and the colonies they represent have

12:38

little in common. When

12:42

the delegates arrived in Philadelphia

12:44

for the first Continental

12:46

Congress in 1774, more delegates had been to London

12:52

than had been to Philadelphia.

12:54

And that demonstrates that

12:56

there were no emotional ties really

12:58

between the colonies. There were very

13:01

few economic ties between the colonies.

13:03

They didn't see themselves as a

13:05

cohesive unit. They saw themselves as

13:08

attached to the homeland. At

13:13

the end of the Congress they stop short

13:15

of choosing to pursue independence immediately. Instead,

13:18

in a compromise, they issue a

13:20

petition to King George III asking

13:23

him to consider their many grievances

13:25

and repeal the intolerable acts. But

13:30

they'll have their work cut out to convince the

13:32

people of the colonies to take action that could

13:34

lead to war. What

13:37

is really important between 1774 and 1776

13:39

is they worked in coordinated action to bring the

13:45

American people along with them to

13:47

try and build that widespread

13:49

support. But even then, John

13:52

Adams later said when he was talking about

13:54

the revolution that about one third of

13:56

Americans were ardent patriots. One

13:59

third were are loyalists.

14:01

And one-third were in the middle

14:03

just trying to survive, just trying to get

14:05

by, just trying to avoid a notice, whatever

14:08

army happened to be closest to them. And

14:10

while those exact numbers might not be perfectly

14:13

accurate, I think it does give a pretty

14:15

good sense of where the

14:17

continent was at

14:20

the start of the war. Thanks

14:23

to the trade boycott, imports of

14:25

British goods drop by a massive

14:27

97% by 1775. As

14:31

a next step, the colonies plan to

14:33

stop exports to the British Empire unless

14:36

their grievances are taken seriously. Knowing

14:40

armed conflict is likely, each

14:42

colony recruits and trains its own

14:44

militia. Meanwhile, the

14:47

British army tries to disrupt the

14:49

preparations for war by arresting patriot

14:51

leaders and seizing stores of weapons

14:53

and ammunition. The

14:55

colonists establish intelligence and warning

14:57

networks to stay one step

15:00

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forged by the sea. It's

16:41

ten Pm on the night of April the

16:43

eighteenth, seventeenth. seventy five. In

16:46

a timber house in downtown Boston.

16:48

Paul Revere, the silversmith and father

16:50

of eight. Pulls. On his

16:53

think boots and wouldn't count. Knowing

16:56

these dangerous mission is about to undertake.

16:59

Is. Was kisses him goodbye? warning him

17:01

to take care. Then.

17:04

The thirty nine year old heads outside and

17:06

walk swiftly towards the river. The.

17:10

Keeps an eye out for British soldiers, but

17:12

this part of the city's quiet tonight. Word.

17:16

Is that the King's men are messing on

17:18

the common? From. Where they had to

17:21

Lexington Eleven miles from here. To

17:23

arrest the patriot leaders John

17:25

Hancock and Samuel Adams. Said.

17:28

It is Paul Revere Job. To. Get

17:30

their first. To. Won't. Arrive

17:34

into the river, he scrambles down the

17:37

bank to meet some friends who are

17:39

waiting with a boat to roam across.

17:41

Nights crossings up a bit so they

17:43

move silently, slipping unnoticed past a British

17:46

wash. the

17:48

boat grinds onto the show and revere

17:50

sprints into town there his supporters have

17:53

a horse ready haven't already seen the

17:55

lanterns lead to the nearby church to

17:57

warn them of danger It's

18:01

part of a complex warning system

18:03

established by the Sons of Liberty

18:05

group, Revere himself among them.

18:08

Tonight the strength of their network will

18:10

be the difference between success and failure,

18:13

even between life and death. Starting

18:16

just after 11, Revere rides

18:19

along the Neck, a

18:21

strip of land where water flows either side,

18:24

but soon he's spotted by two British officers

18:26

on horseback. He

18:28

pushes his horse into a gallop, but one

18:30

officer overtakes to slow him down, while another

18:33

tries to unsettle him. As

18:35

Revere pulls the reins, his horse

18:38

turns sharply. His pursuers

18:40

try to follow, but one officer's horse

18:42

plunges into a clay pond. As

18:45

his companion tries to drag him out, Revere

18:47

escapes. He

18:50

rides for another hour to Lexington, stopping

18:52

along the way to warn other patriots.

18:55

But he spots more and more King's men. Surely

18:58

it doesn't take this many redcoats to make

19:00

an arrest. Just

19:06

after midnight, he reaches his

19:08

destination, a timber-framed parsonage. He

19:11

ties up his horse and knocks quietly on the

19:13

heavy front door. A

19:17

servant shows him inside. Talking

19:19

at a table near the fireplace are the men he's

19:21

been sent to see, the blunts,

19:24

roughly dressed Adams, and the

19:26

debonair and charming Hancock. There

19:28

are others here too, brought together by

19:30

the common goal of independence from Britain. The

19:33

men form a plan, deciding

19:36

that the leaders should stay put for now,

19:38

but be ready to fight or to flee. Now,

19:42

a backup messenger arrives, sent in case

19:45

Revere was captured along the way. The

19:48

two riders share food and water, comparing

19:51

how many British soldiers they've seen. There

19:54

must be hundreds. Between

19:56

them, the men deduce the British

19:59

must be killed. headed to the

20:01

militia weapons store at Concord, further

20:03

west. So

20:05

instead of heading home, Dawes and Revere

20:07

get back in the saddle and head

20:09

west towards Concord. They

20:13

are joined by another son of liberty on

20:15

the way, a doctor, but

20:17

they've only travelled three miles when they spot

20:19

the red coats of British patrolmen. Revere

20:23

finds himself surrounded, though his companions

20:25

get away. At

20:28

gunpoint he surrenders. He

20:30

submits to being searched for weapons. Then

20:32

after he's questioned about his mission, he's

20:34

forced to ride with them back towards

20:36

Lexington. He can only

20:38

hope the others have been able to get all the way

20:41

to Concord to warn the militia in time. But

20:45

when he arrives back in Lexington, he hears

20:47

a gunshot. With

20:51

no way to know who is firing on whom, his

20:54

British captors abandon their prisoner and

20:56

race to join the compatriots, forcing

20:58

Revere to hand over his horse.

21:01

As he follows on foot, more shots ring

21:03

out. The day is breaking and

21:07

he hopes he has done enough. That

21:12

first gunfire will later be described as

21:14

the shot heard around the world, signalling

21:17

the start of the American Revolutionary

21:19

War. During

21:22

the first skirmish at Lexington, the British

21:24

kill eight, but the colonists

21:26

will have their revenge at Concord. The

21:29

doctor who was riding with Revere manages to

21:31

get a warning through so the patriots are

21:33

ready to protect their weapons and

21:35

send the British back in retreat to Boston. British

21:39

casualties outnumber colonists losses two to

21:41

one, and both Samuel

21:44

Adams and John Hancock are free to

21:46

continue their work. As

21:50

the military conflict gets underway, more

21:52

people rally to the course. And

21:55

though the Continental Congress sends another

21:57

petition to George III in a

21:59

final attempt to avoid all-out war.

22:02

They know it probably won't succeed. It

22:05

is time to establish the Continental Army.

22:08

But who should lead it? Lawyer

22:11

John Adams understands how critical the

22:13

choice will be. This

22:18

was a very calculated strategic

22:20

decision that was largely engineered

22:22

by John Adams. He understood

22:24

that the military conflict had started

22:26

in Massachusetts. In a lot of ways,

22:29

a lot of people blamed the rebels in Boston

22:31

for instigating the conflict more broadly.

22:34

And so the commander needed to

22:36

be from Virginia, which was the

22:38

biggest state among the

22:40

colonies at the time. It was the

22:42

wealthiest, and it needed to be a national

22:45

effort. Among the Virginians,

22:47

George Washington was the obvious choice. He

22:49

looked the part. He had a lot

22:51

of military experience, and he had

22:54

showed up suggestively in military

22:56

uniform, just in case anyone

22:58

forgot about his previous military

23:01

experience. So John Adams

23:03

engineered the denomination of George Washington,

23:05

who accepted the command and rode

23:07

out up to Massachusetts before the

23:10

end of the Congress. Now

23:15

the second Continental Congress makes a

23:17

critical decision. In

23:19

June 1776, the delegates vote

23:22

for a resolution which declares, in its own

23:24

words, that these

23:26

United Colonies are and of

23:28

right ought to be free and

23:30

independent states. A

23:35

committee of five drafts the Declaration. It

23:38

includes John Adams plus a

23:40

charismatic entrepreneur and inventor called

23:42

Benjamin Franklin. But

23:45

it is Thomas Jefferson, a

23:47

wealthy 33-year-old Virginian, who

23:49

writes some of the most famous words in

23:51

the English language. oldest

24:00

son. And so he really

24:02

was born with a silver spoon in his

24:04

mouth. There was always an expectation that he

24:07

was going into politics because that's what men

24:09

of his class did. He was a beautiful

24:11

writer. And again, it should come from Virginia.

24:14

It should be a unified process. So

24:16

he spent the next couple of weeks working on

24:18

a draft. Benjamin Franklin and John

24:21

Adams then made some tweaks to that

24:23

draft before they submitted it

24:25

to Congress in early July. In

24:28

total, 86 edits

24:30

are made to the first draft, Jefferson

24:33

writes, but one revision

24:35

in particular is discussed to this

24:37

day. By

24:41

this time, around half a million people

24:43

of African origin, one fifth of the

24:45

population are enslaved in the

24:47

colonies. But almost all of them

24:49

live in the south, working on

24:52

plantations, growing tobacco, rice, and

24:54

other crops. Attitudes

24:57

are divided along regional lines, with

25:00

politicians in the south defending slavery, and

25:03

many in the north wanting it abolished. Jefferson's

25:07

original draft included references to

25:09

the evil of slavery, even

25:11

though he himself kept hundreds of enslaved people.

25:15

He suggests that the British King

25:17

is to blame for transporting slaves

25:19

to America and perpetuating a cruel

25:22

war against human nature itself. This

25:26

was a very controversial statement. A

25:29

lot of people at the Continental

25:31

Congress felt that it muddied the

25:33

waters. It made

25:35

the argument for independence much

25:37

more complicated, because they weren't

25:39

setting about to eradicate slavery,

25:42

they were setting about to

25:44

separate themselves. And so they

25:46

ended up removing that clause,

25:48

removing that offense against the

25:50

king, so that there is

25:52

no mention of slavery and

25:55

ultimate declaration. The

26:00

final resolution to declare independence is adopted

26:02

by Congress on July 2nd, 1776. It's

26:06

that date that many delegates expect to

26:08

be celebrated in the future. But

26:11

the wording is debated for two more

26:13

days before the new draft is approved.

26:18

The operation to spread the word

26:20

starts right away. Overnight

26:23

on the 4th of July, 200 copies are

26:25

printed. One

26:27

is dispatched to George Washington and his army

26:29

in New York City, where he reads

26:31

it out to the troops to boost morale. In

26:34

response, his men topple a statue of

26:37

King George, which is melted

26:39

down to be turned into ammunition. At

26:44

just over 1,300 words, the

26:47

final version of the Declaration of Independence details

26:49

the many grievances the colonies have against

26:52

King George III. But

26:55

it's the opening preamble that will

26:57

become world famous and inspire

26:59

people over the centuries to come. We

27:03

hold these truths to be self-evident,

27:06

it says, that all

27:08

men are created equal, that

27:10

they are endowed by their creator

27:12

with certain unalienable rights, that

27:14

among these are life, liberty, and

27:17

the pursuit of happiness, that

27:19

to secure these rights, governments

27:21

are instituted among men, deriving their

27:24

just powers from the

27:26

consent of the governed. The

27:30

Declaration's preamble is beautiful. It is

27:32

an extraordinary language that inspired other

27:34

revolutions for many decades

27:36

thereafter. But in it of

27:39

itself, it was actually a document that was trying

27:41

to explain why they were taking

27:43

this action. It was very much

27:45

an international-facing statement of

27:47

purpose. It explained to the

27:49

other monarchies around the globe that

27:51

they weren't anti-monarchy, per se. They

27:53

were trying to reassure the

27:55

fears of the French and the Spanish, that

27:58

they were trying to destroy all monarchies. but

28:00

that there were very specific grievances

28:03

that had not been addressed and therefore

28:05

they were justified in taking this

28:07

action. Soon

28:13

after the Declaration of Independence, the

28:15

British occupy New York City. Although

28:18

Washington and his men are victorious when they

28:20

cross the Delaware at Christmas in 1776, there

28:24

are many challenges and battles ahead. The

28:27

colonists are going to war against

28:30

an imperial superpower. To

28:32

many, it seems like an impossible fight. To

28:35

date, no colony has managed to

28:37

declare and gain independence. The

28:40

British Navy is the most powerful in the

28:42

world and its army is notorious for its

28:44

discipline and skill. Yet,

28:48

it's not a one-sided conflict. Many

28:51

of the men in the Continental Army have

28:53

fought alongside the British and understand how they

28:56

think. And their commander

28:58

is an exceptional man. Historians

29:03

generally like to avoid statements like this

29:05

one person was indispensable, but in

29:08

the case of George Washington, it is

29:11

really accurate and we can't

29:13

overstate his importance to the revolution

29:15

because he was the only

29:18

person probably that could have held

29:20

the Continental Army together. By the

29:22

midway point in the war, Congress

29:24

was referring to the troops as

29:26

Washington's troops as opposed to American

29:28

troops because they were so

29:30

loyal to him and adored him so

29:32

much that they probably wouldn't have

29:34

fought for anyone else. And

29:37

he had a very keen sense that

29:39

his self-sacrifice was essential to this conflict.

29:42

So he didn't ever go home. He

29:44

didn't ever leave his troops. He was

29:46

there the entire time and

29:48

knew that as long as he didn't die

29:50

and as long as the army didn't disintegrate,

29:53

that it was going to be almost impossible

29:55

for the British to win. Alexander

30:00

Hamilton is young but gifted. Born.

30:04

In the West Indies. Raised. By

30:06

an unwed mother. He. Has sent to

30:08

America with the support of business people

30:10

and plantation owners who spot is incredible

30:12

potential. Hamilton.

30:14

Said such great communication in

30:17

organizational skills. He could master

30:19

and mean teams more information

30:21

than most people. Would be able

30:23

to process. And so not only

30:26

sticky very quickly. Adopted Washington's

30:28

voice so he could write for

30:30

Washington. And new, what's his boss want

30:32

him to say speak? It also manage those

30:34

around them. And so she almost became like

30:37

a Chief of staff at the headquarters. In

30:40

Autumn of Seventeen Seventy Seven. Less. Than

30:43

a year after wasn't I'm led the morale

30:45

race crossing the Delaware. The British

30:47

of also occupied the capital Philadelphia.

30:51

Boots. In October. Washington's.

30:53

Army decisively defeats the superior

30:55

British troops. And the bus or

30:57

it. Was.

31:01

A patriots need now. Is more

31:03

allies and more money to keep. And.

31:06

That diplomatic campaign centers on

31:08

your. John Adams,

31:11

Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson who

31:13

was together on the Declaration of

31:15

Independence. Must. Now Foods Critical

31:17

alliances with France and Spain.

31:21

Benjamin Franklin was hard at work

31:23

trying to get supplies and money.

31:25

And funds from the French, which. They

31:27

initially supplied secretly it's and

31:30

then supplied especially ones that

31:32

treaty. Of Amity and Commerce A Defenseless

31:34

Signed in Seventeen Seventy Eight. The.

31:36

French also convinced. Seem

31:39

to support to the United

31:41

States. John.

31:43

Adams who's no nonsense style doesn't

31:45

go down well with the France.

31:47

has more luck getting loans from.spent

31:49

us. And when be

31:51

European nations back the colonists, it's a

31:53

turning point. A distant

31:55

Civil War. Now. Becomes a

31:58

globally significant conflict. Washington's.

32:04

Army has endured a savage winter miss

32:06

efforts to reclaim Philadelphia. Is

32:09

men withdraw to a nearby plateau.

32:11

But. Of twelve thousand men who quarter the

32:14

in December. Of two thousand

32:16

die of disease. But.

32:18

The survivors emerge as a

32:20

powerful, united, false. They.

32:25

Strike again And in June of

32:27

seventeen, Seventy Eight forced the bodies

32:30

to abandon Philadelphia. As

32:32

French and later Spanish funds and

32:35

forces arrive to support the continental

32:37

army, There's. A stalemate in the North.

32:40

As. Action switches to the Southern colonies.

32:44

The. British convinced many colonists there are

32:46

still loyal to the king. But.

32:49

It's not enough. By the

32:51

autumn of Seventeen Eighty One, the

32:53

Kings Army, led by General Cornwallis,

32:55

are under siege on the Yorktown

32:57

Peninsula in Virginia. Washington

33:00

leads and a bit of fourteen

33:03

thousand against supported by thirty six

33:05

French warships. Who's the British getting

33:07

away? Cornwallis surrenders

33:10

on October the nineteenth, with his

33:12

entire force of thousand men. And

33:15

older, the war doesn't officially, and for

33:18

another two years, British troops begin to

33:20

withdraw, and Seventeen Eighty Two. King

33:23

George since negotiators in the French capital to

33:25

work out the details of a piece to.

33:34

Three. Those negotiations, they were able

33:36

to come up with the Treaty

33:38

of Paris, which was a remarkably

33:40

generous treaty to the new United

33:42

States, including fishing rights and the

33:44

new someone's and recognition of territory.

33:47

It was signed and Seventeen Eighty

33:49

Three and officially ended the war.

33:51

One of my favorite depictions of

33:53

that treaty is a is obscene

33:55

team that was done part way

33:58

through the process in which. A

34:00

British ministers were supposed to be depicted and

34:02

the American minister's boss to be depicted

34:04

For because the treaty was viewed as sort

34:07

of of the trail of British interests by

34:09

a lot of the British people, the

34:11

British ministers refused to sit for it and

34:13

so it is a permanently unfinished painting that

34:16

a copy of which is still in

34:18

the State Department in Washington, Dc to. Over

34:22

twenty five thousand Americans die during

34:24

the Revolutionary War. But.

34:26

Perhaps fewer and a quarter of those film

34:29

and best. Be. Others paris

34:31

from disease. Where. Prisoners of War.

34:35

The British losses or less will recorded.

34:38

Bell. Around twenty four thousand two to

34:40

have been killed, injured, or captured. along

34:43

with around seven thousand five hundred Must

34:45

Nervous! But.

34:48

History has been made. And the

34:50

president has been set for other colonies

34:52

hoping to break free from larger and

34:54

pious. What's.

34:56

Left for those who so believed in their

34:59

vision of freedom. Is completely different

35:01

Task. That. The. A

35:03

new nation. In

35:07

a lot of blaze, declaring independence

35:09

and winning the war was the easy

35:11

part in actually existing was much

35:13

much harder because when the colonies

35:15

had a common enemy of Great

35:17

Britain, they could send a focus

35:19

on that. And once they lost

35:21

their common enemy the. Kind of became

35:24

each other's enemy. The.

35:27

New government already has some ground

35:29

rules in place known as the

35:31

articles of Confederation which were adopted

35:33

during the war. But

35:35

these. Of. One big from.

35:38

Congress. Did not have the right. Under

35:41

the articles to enforce the

35:43

collection of taxation. So it had

35:45

no money, still couldn't see any of it's

35:47

officials. It could pay off at debts. From

35:49

the words, it couldn't pay for an army

35:51

to descend it's new borders. It could do

35:53

nothing. the states

35:55

were squabbling with each other

35:57

over economic principles and of

36:00

its borders over the right to navigate

36:02

different rivers and set taxes,

36:05

all of these things. And

36:07

all of the international empires, as

36:09

well as the Native nations on

36:11

the western borders, were

36:13

ready and waiting for the country to

36:15

fall apart and to pick off the

36:17

pieces to tuck back into their territories.

36:20

So it was a very calamitous

36:22

situation. After

36:25

being ruled for so long by distant King, many

36:28

Americans are hugely resistant to centralized

36:30

power. They fear

36:32

losing the individual freedom so many died

36:34

defending. But with

36:37

the economy suffering, drastic measures

36:39

are needed. In

36:44

the summer of 1787, members

36:46

of the new government ditch the old

36:48

articles. Their convention

36:51

creates a document that becomes

36:53

the U.S. Constitution. It

36:55

brings the states together, creating a

36:57

common currency and military force. But

37:00

even those behind the new agreement know

37:03

it's far from perfect. It

37:06

was really a series of compromises that

37:08

had been patched together to try and

37:10

address some of the problems that they

37:12

had seen, to try

37:14

and give future generations flexibility to

37:16

solve problems that they could not

37:18

yet possibly foresee, or

37:21

problems like slavery that they understood were

37:23

going to be a huge issue but

37:25

didn't know yet how to solve. Criticism

37:29

immediately focuses on the issues they've

37:31

avoided, including that question

37:33

of slavery. There

37:37

were a lot of people at the time who were

37:39

very opposed to slavery. And

37:41

there were a lot of people who understood the

37:44

hypocrisy of talking about liberty and

37:46

freedom while owning other human beings.

37:48

And many British observers actually talked

37:51

about that the loudest yelps for liberty

37:53

were coming from those that owned people.

37:56

There were a lot of people who wanted to

37:58

give the federal government more freedom. power to

38:00

regulate slavery. There were a lot of people

38:02

who felt that it was wildly

38:05

unfair to give southern states more

38:07

representation in Congress while they were depriving

38:09

other people of their liberties. But

38:12

South Carolina and some of the

38:14

other states threatened to leave

38:17

the Constitutional Convention if any effort

38:19

was made to curtail slavery. Enslaved

38:22

people are not the only ones whose rights are

38:24

ignored. Women don't get to vote. Native

38:27

Americans are also at a huge disadvantage. Native

38:31

nations in theory had

38:33

the right to negotiate with the

38:35

United States as another sovereign nation.

38:38

But in practice, the United States often

38:41

trampled over those rights or forced nations

38:43

into very detrimental agreements that ceded

38:45

a lot of their land to

38:48

the United States. There were also a

38:50

lot of wars fought against Native nations. So

38:53

it was a deeply flawed document.

38:59

Many also fear the power granted to the new

39:01

federal government is too great. So

39:04

the Constitution is amended almost immediately

39:06

when the Bill of Rights sets out

39:09

individual freedoms that must be protected. The

39:13

First Amendment establishes the right to freedom

39:15

of religion, speech, and the press while

39:17

the Second deals with the right to bear

39:20

arms. Later

39:22

amendments guarantee fair and speedy

39:24

trials and prohibit cruel and

39:26

unusual punishment. Finally,

39:30

in April 1789, George

39:33

Washington is inaugurated as the first

39:35

President of the United States. His

39:38

Secretary of State is Thomas Jefferson. And

39:41

the first Secretary of the Treasury is

39:43

his former wartime aide, Alexander

39:45

Hamilton. Hamilton

39:47

takes charge of the economy, paying

39:49

off massive war debts and finding funds

39:52

to grow the country. But

39:55

tensions soon erupt over an

39:57

unexpected commodity, whiskey.

40:02

Hamilton decides to tax spirits distilled

40:04

in the US, arguing

40:06

that they are a luxury. But

40:09

the people of western Pennsylvania don't see it that way.

40:12

Roughly 17,000 people

40:14

eke out a difficult living in

40:17

its remote plains and valleys, cut

40:19

off by poor transport and the

40:21

vast Appalachian mountain range. Whiskey

40:25

in these parts is a much more

40:27

reliable currency than cash. The

40:29

spirit is used for everyday purchases and

40:31

services. So

40:33

the 1791 tax will hit

40:35

almost every family and

40:37

shows how little the fancy urban

40:40

politicians know about real life here.

40:44

Anger spills over into violent protests

40:46

against the men who are collecting

40:48

the new tax. It's

40:56

early in the morning on the 16th of July 1794. As

41:01

the sun rises over the Bower Hill

41:03

estate near Pittsburgh, dozens of enslaved men

41:05

and women are already at work. Among

41:08

them is 21-year-old carpenter Will, repairing

41:11

the roof of the building that houses

41:14

the whiskey still. He

41:16

learned his craft from his father, who

41:18

helped to build this luxurious mansion

41:21

house for its owner, General John

41:23

Neville. All

41:25

around are fields swaying with rye,

41:28

almost ripe for harvesting. He's

41:31

almost done when another man calls from

41:34

Tahari. The general wants everyone to

41:36

gather outside the house. That

41:38

can only mean trouble. In

41:41

front of the mansion, Will joins a

41:43

score of other men. Laid

41:45

out on the ground are rifles. The

41:48

general, a white man in his 60s, orders

41:50

him to grab one and load it. He

41:55

explains that a local group of militia are on

41:57

their way, angry that he has worked along

41:59

with the police. alongside a federal marshal to

42:01

collect the new whisky taxes. General

42:05

Neville demands that Will and the others defend

42:08

his property with him, though

42:10

the enslaved women and children can

42:12

shelter inside the mansion until the

42:14

danger passes. Now

42:17

Will's younger brother Putnam is running up

42:19

from the field, waving and shouting. They're

42:23

coming. Will can make

42:25

out their silhouettes against the sun. 40

42:27

or so men charging up the hill, fanning out.

42:31

Neville orders defensive positions and Will

42:34

and Putnam flank him, rifles cocked.

42:38

The two young men are crack shots, often

42:40

boasting of the 100-pound wolf they shot

42:42

and killed as kids. This,

42:44

though, is completely different. Will

42:49

doesn't want to fire on people, but

42:51

with no choice, he'll do what he's

42:54

told and protect Bauer Hill, not for

42:56

the general's sake, but for his mother

42:58

and sisters who are sheltering in

43:00

the house his own father built. The

43:04

men demand Neville hands over the marshal.

43:07

When the general tells them he's not here, they

43:10

say they're coming in to make sure. The

43:12

general raises his rifle and aims into the

43:14

crowd. He fires, a man

43:17

drops, and then all hell breaks loose.

43:23

Soldiers fly from both directions, and several of them

43:25

mob form. Soon, the

43:27

militia retreat, but Will knows they'll be back.

43:31

Ten soldiers arrive as reinforcements from

43:33

a local barracks, but their major

43:35

insists the general leave for his

43:37

own safety. For

43:40

the rest of the day, the brothers take their turns keeping

43:42

watch. That

43:44

night, no one sleeps.

43:49

After thirty-six tense hours,

43:52

the mob returns. Six

43:56

hundred or more drunken, angry men

43:58

ready for revenge. Massively

44:01

outnumbered, the army major asks that the women

44:03

and children are allowed to leave, and

44:05

Will's mother and sister run for their lives. They

44:08

have barely taken cover in the woods when

44:11

the attack begins. Soon,

44:16

Will can't see where he's shooting for the smoke,

44:18

or hear himself think. He fires,

44:20

reloads, fires again, until

44:23

abruptly, the battle stops. Maybe

44:29

thinking that the defenders have surrendered,

44:32

the rebel leader strides confidently

44:34

towards the mansion. Except

44:37

now, there's another single shot,

44:40

and the man drops to the ground. For

44:44

a moment, the rebels can't take

44:46

in what's happened, for

44:48

then the fury of betrayal takes hold. The

44:54

renewed onslaught is ferocious, even

44:56

after the major does surrender. The

44:59

mob swarms over the mansion like

45:01

locusts, throwing out paintings and fine

45:03

furniture, ransacking the whiskey. In

45:07

the chaos, Will drags his brother away

45:09

towards the woods. When

45:11

he spots his mother and sister sheltering in

45:13

the ravine, he is overcome with relief. He

45:17

looks back up at the house, expecting the

45:19

gunpowder smoke to clear. Instead,

45:22

it thickens. It's

45:26

the mansion, going up in

45:28

flames. None

45:36

of the enslaved men are hurt defending

45:38

Bauer Hill, but the burned-out

45:40

mansion will never be rebuilt, and

45:43

Will and the others will live on a different

45:45

estate for another nine years. Finally,

45:49

on his deathbed, General Neville

45:52

orders their freedom or

45:54

manumission. When

45:58

Word of the attack on Bauer Hill reaches the end of the town, And

46:00

Adelphia in August. Seventeen, Ninety Four. Washington.

46:03

Prepares to send in thirteen thousand

46:05

trump's to suppress the rebel. But.

46:09

Critics rail against the idea of

46:11

the first President taking up arms

46:13

against his own citizens. Faced

46:17

with such overwhelming force. The

46:19

movement fizzles out within months. One.

46:22

Hundred and fifty rebels are. and

46:24

though twenty stand trial. Only

46:26

to have found guilty of treason. Were

46:29

sentenced to hang with the president

46:31

pardons them having already made a

46:34

critical point about how the nation

46:36

will operate. Is

46:38

the central government could not exist

46:41

in could not raise revenue it

46:43

would sell. It was an essential

46:45

moments because it was a demonstration

46:47

that the nation could indeed survive

46:49

and do what it needed to.

46:53

To exist. On the World Stage.

46:59

And seventy Ninety Seven Washington Surprises

47:01

is people. By stepping aside

47:03

after seven only two four year

47:06

terms. It's an

47:08

astonishing fact in an era when men cling

47:10

on to power for as low as possible.

47:13

His decision sets a precedent for the seats.

47:16

Though. The to term limits isn't made

47:18

official to the Twenty Second Amendment takes

47:21

effect and let and Fifty one. The

47:25

second president is Boston lawyer and

47:27

former vice President John Adams. He

47:30

invests in the nation's defenses and is the

47:33

first leader to move into the White House.

47:36

But. Adams serves just one term. Before.

47:38

Losing to Thomas Jefferson. In

47:42

eighteen or three, During. Jefferson's presidency.

47:45

The. Size of the nation, doubles of the

47:47

he agrees to buy the Louisiana territory

47:50

from the France. For. Fifteen million

47:52

Dollars. The.

47:54

Native Americans who live there. Are

47:56

not part of the negotiation. The

47:59

real. Little losers in this situation were the

48:02

native nations that had been allies with

48:04

Spain or allies with France. They

48:06

still retained a lot of their

48:08

own power, both their military power

48:10

and their economic powers, but there was

48:13

a sense by some that it was

48:15

only a matter of time before white

48:17

settlers started to encroach on their land.

48:21

As time passes, the Founders

48:24

influence Wayne's. After

48:26

a short illness, George Washington dies in 1799, aged

48:28

67, prompting an outpouring of

48:32

national grief. But

48:35

it is the shocking death of Alexander

48:37

Hamilton five years later that

48:40

reveals how violent politics can still

48:42

be. Now

48:45

living in a country house in

48:47

Manhattan and running a newspaper, Hamilton

48:49

continues his involvement in government. In

48:52

July 1804, animosity

48:54

between him and a rival Aaron

48:56

Burr leads to the two

48:58

men meeting for an illegal duel on

49:01

the banks of the Hudson. Burr

49:04

comes from a privileged background, while

49:07

Hamilton has never quite shaken the

49:09

feeling of inferiority about his own

49:11

humble origins. It's

49:14

not clear who fires the first shot, but

49:16

while Hamilton misses, Burr doesn't.

49:19

Right in the abdomen, Hamilton dies the

49:22

next day. He was 47 years old.

49:27

Hamilton's death is premature, but

49:29

many of the others who formed the first

49:31

government are now aging. In

49:34

a stranger than fiction coincidence, both

49:36

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die on

49:39

the same day, July

49:41

the 4th, 1826, exactly

49:43

50 years after the Declaration of

49:46

Independence. The

49:50

Founding Fathers have overcome the immediate challenges

49:53

of unifying the colonists, forging

49:55

international alliances, And

49:57

forming the financial and defensive institutions.

50:00

An independent country needs. That.

50:02

With the cracks that will lead to Civil

50:05

War already beginning to so. The.

50:07

Loss of those elder statesmen, Is.

50:09

Deeply felt. There.

50:11

Was a recognition of this Great

50:13

Generations was no longer with us.

50:17

And in eighteen Twenty is the first

50:19

other series of battles over the future

50:21

of slavery started to crop up and

50:23

so there was a lot of anxiety

50:25

and fear about with the seizure of

50:28

the nation was going to be and

50:30

and how was the loss of this

50:32

generation and it's leadership in his stewardship

50:34

going to affect the future of the

50:37

Neeson. We see

50:39

an explosion of the colts of

50:41

the founding generation after the Civil

50:43

War. It's.

50:46

Not until the twentieth century, the

50:48

the label Founding Fathers adopt. President.

50:52

Warren Jihad is the first person

50:54

recorded as using it in speeches

50:56

from Nineteen. Sixteen ounce. Phrase.

51:00

And. That's where you start to seize

51:03

this. almost worship figures like Washington.

51:06

And Benjamin Franklin and the other people who

51:08

have led the nation. So. In

51:10

the eighties. Seventies. In the

51:12

Nineteen seventies, or when the nation

51:15

isn't particularly tense moments, it is

51:17

helpful for a lot of people

51:19

to have this touchstone that they

51:22

can refer to as it's either

51:24

something that is cool, mean, or

51:26

as a justification. For their actions.

51:30

Movie. Recognizes be critical role

51:32

the politicians played. It also

51:34

draws criticism. For. Excluding so

51:37

many who also fought for

51:39

independence. Other people played

51:41

a really important role and supported those

51:43

efforts Supported this work whether it was

51:45

getting the word, Out to neighbors

51:48

are selling uniforms or assisting with

51:50

diplomacy that women and people of

51:52

color and a much broader. Range

51:55

of what we would think of as

51:57

Americans. We're. Sort of this

51:59

process. I think if we want

52:01

to use more accurate terminology, there

52:03

are two options. One, if we're

52:05

talking about the constitution and the

52:08

example set out to us by

52:10

the first generation than framers is

52:12

most accurate because those were the

52:14

people in the room. There were.

52:16

Actually crafting the language on the

52:18

text. If we're talking about

52:20

the people that spot in the war

52:23

sounding generation is I think most accurate

52:25

because that does encompass all of

52:27

the people that were alive at that

52:29

point and there various roles whether they

52:32

were conflict been. Worse, Thirteen or

52:34

central to the. The.

52:41

Legacies of Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, and

52:44

by contemporaries still affect how can

52:46

see themselves and how the world

52:49

sees America. Washington.

52:51

And Jefferson are literally set in

52:53

stone. Memorialized. In granted

52:55

that Mount Rushmore. With

52:58

the legacies of all the founding fathers

53:00

are constantly being reinterpreted. In

53:02

everything from political rallies to Broadway

53:04

says. He.

53:06

Has ultimately the men who won independence

53:08

for the nation in the Revolutionary War.

53:11

With. Themselves have admitted. It

53:13

was simply human beings. With.

53:15

Talents. And. Limitations.

53:19

That. Is actually a much more

53:22

inspirational story Big High as

53:24

it suggests that flawed a

53:26

people doing the very best

53:28

that they can can create

53:30

something extraordinary can inspire future

53:32

generations in both in the

53:34

United States and in nations

53:36

across the world to create

53:39

extraordinary things. And

53:41

to never give up trying to

53:43

create something better or to improve

53:45

with they already. Have. It

53:48

is much less. Impressive to

53:50

me if we think of them

53:52

as these demigods. the years because

53:54

and of course years back extraordinary

53:56

heroics from God like figures that

53:58

a that flawed man. That's

54:00

really very inspirational and suggest

54:03

that. We can

54:05

has future generations are also

54:07

gestern or thanks. next

54:18

time on short history of will bring you. A

54:20

short history of the Battle of the Song. It's

54:30

not. See. So and we

54:32

can't say they never sit have

54:34

done it because the wall dispassionately

54:36

taking away the human suffering. War

54:38

is all about concentrating all of

54:41

your resources and learning as you

54:43

go until you have enough on.

54:45

And we didn't have all the

54:47

answers but we wouldn't have had

54:50

all the on city nineteen eighteen

54:52

if we hadn't made these. Mistakes.

54:54

In Nineteen sixteen and we hadn't

54:57

learned from them So I think

54:59

it's great importance of remember that

55:01

the Battle of the Song is

55:03

a staging post that that those

55:05

going. Next.

55:22

Time. To let the little ones get all

55:25

of that energy out. Bigger to believe Arkansas

55:27

build our Usa. The boy or a small

55:29

has your little ones covered with saw their

55:31

size is Wednesday Thursday. From setting of to

55:33

one of it only hurts ever since. Another

55:35

the little ones good job at their own

55:37

cover level. What else? Is older kids around.

55:40

Is a cell phone other for the tellers energy.

55:42

As a little while and almost all

55:44

of the attraction plus so had the

55:47

best nap ever afterwards. Leader to love.

55:49

It's worth of fun. Never as good

55:51

a Big Air usa.com/columbus. Or details.