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When you think about the future, what

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0:18

the help of AI. Tune

0:20

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0:22

the latest technology that's changing our

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world today and creating a more

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2:44

Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello

2:53

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2:55

Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Back

2:58

when I went to Philadelphia to see

3:00

that Marie Lawrence exhibit, I

3:03

spent some time just walking around that part of the

3:05

city. One of my favorite things to do walking around

3:08

exploring part of a city. So

3:10

that exhibition was at the Barnes Foundation,

3:13

which is on Benjamin Franklin Parkway. And

3:16

if you've never been to Philadelphia, the Parkway

3:18

is this broad, tree-lined

3:20

boulevard that runs about a mile from

3:22

City Hall to the Philadelphia Museum of

3:25

Art and it goes diagonally

3:27

across the grid like it's just its own

3:30

thing. There are all kinds of

3:33

museums and educational and cultural institutions

3:36

alongside of it. And there's also just a

3:38

ton of public art. The

3:41

Association of Public Art has a tour

3:43

called Along the Benjamin Franklin Parkway that

3:45

includes 30 works of art just

3:48

in that one mile. And I

3:51

think all of those 30, we're not

3:53

talking about art in the museums. These

3:56

are statues and things outside.

4:00

One of these, which is in front

4:02

of the Franklin Institute, is a statue

4:04

of Francisco de Miranda. And he

4:06

looks very dashing and determined, and the tail

4:08

of his coat is kind of billowing around.

4:11

And there's a plaque that

4:13

reads Caracas, Venezuela, 1750, Cadiz,

4:15

La Caraca Prison, 1816, Great

4:19

Soldier of Freedom, who participated

4:21

in the three greatest political

4:23

upheavals of his time, the

4:26

struggle for independence in the United States,

4:28

the French Revolution, and the emancipation of

4:30

Latin America. And

4:33

so I obviously was like, who's

4:35

that guy? This is not somebody

4:37

I'm familiar with. And

4:40

so he became one of several ideas

4:42

for future episodes that I jotted down on

4:44

that day. That included Natalie Clifford Barney.

4:46

She already became a two-part episode over

4:49

Valentine's Day. This one

4:51

also turned into a two-parter

4:54

because it turns out some of the

4:56

things that Francisco de Miranda was connected

4:59

to are things we have

5:01

not explained that much on the show before. So

5:05

two parts on him starting today.

5:08

Francisco de Miranda was born in Caracas, which

5:11

is the capital of Venezuela, and at the

5:13

time was considered a part of the vice

5:15

royalty of New Granada. His

5:18

parents were Francisco Antonio Rodriguez

5:20

de Espinoza and Sebastian de

5:22

Miranda y Ravello. Most

5:24

sources give Francisco's date of birth as March 28th or

5:26

29th, 1750, and he was baptized on April 5th of

5:28

that year. This

5:34

family was well off. Francisco's father

5:36

was a successful linen merchant who

5:38

owned other businesses as well. And

5:41

Sebastian seems to have been respected

5:43

by the Spanish authorities in Caracas.

5:46

But he also ran into disputes with some

5:48

of the local elite. Generally

5:51

speaking, in Spain's colonies in

5:53

the Americas, people from the

5:55

Iberian Peninsula or Peninsularis had

5:57

a higher social standing than

5:59

Creole. or people born in

6:01

the colony. And while

6:03

there were a lot of intermarriages

6:05

between people of Spanish, African, and

6:07

indigenous descent, there was also

6:10

a focus on the idea of blood

6:12

purity in Spanish society. In

6:15

more recent years, historians have argued

6:17

that earlier descriptions of all this

6:20

as a very strict and layered

6:22

caste system aren't really accurate, that

6:24

there was some more fluidity with

6:27

people of different ancestries able to

6:29

have some social mobility depending on

6:31

their circumstances. Regardless,

6:33

questions of race and status

6:36

affected the Miranda family directly.

6:39

Sebastian, who was from Tenerife in

6:41

the Canary Islands, became captain of

6:43

a militia unit, and after he

6:45

retired from that position, continued to

6:47

wear his uniform. All

6:50

of this angered the local Basque

6:52

aristocracy. Even his retirement seems to

6:54

have been something he did to try to

6:56

appease them. Someone eventually

6:59

alleged that he had African

7:01

ancestry, and only people with

7:03

so-called pure blood, meaning they

7:05

had no African, indigenous, Jewish,

7:08

or Muslim ancestry, could do

7:10

things like attain government positions

7:12

or attend university. Sebastian's

7:15

efforts to document that he was

7:17

of pure blood went on for

7:19

years, and ultimately involved King Carlos

7:21

III. The

7:23

king's confirmation of Sebastian's blood purity

7:25

did not resolve the hostility that

7:28

he was getting from the Basque elite, though. Most

7:31

likely, Francisco and at least five

7:33

siblings were educated at home when

7:35

they were young. At the

7:37

age of 12, Francisco enrolled at the Academy

7:40

of Santa Rosa, and then in 1765, entered

7:42

the Royal and

7:45

Pontifical University of Caracas. He

7:48

was awarded a bachelor's degree three years

7:50

later, although there are some questions about

7:52

whether he actually finished all of his

7:54

studies before being awarded that degree. From

7:57

there, Francisco de Miranda wanted to join.

8:00

the army. It was something he

8:02

decided to do in Spain rather

8:04

than Venezuela because of his father's

8:06

whole ordeal around that issue of

8:08

blood purity and the social issues surrounding

8:10

it. Francisco left in

8:12

1771, carrying various letters of support

8:15

and money to purchase a commission.

8:18

After arriving in Spain, he became

8:20

a captain in the princess's own

8:23

infantry, and in addition to his

8:25

military service, he continued to study

8:27

things like mathematics, languages, and humanities.

8:30

He started to develop a reputation

8:32

for being well-educated and well-read, and

8:34

for curating an extensive personal library.

8:36

That's something that would continue for

8:39

the rest of his life. He

8:42

did not really have a reputation

8:44

for being a good soldier or

8:46

officer, though. He was

8:49

originally stationed in various parts of

8:51

northern Africa and Andalusia on the

8:53

Iberian Peninsula, but he kept trying

8:55

to get a transfer because he

8:57

found this boring. He

9:00

also had a pretty high opinion of himself.

9:03

He was definitely intelligent. He seems to

9:05

have had a real knack for learning

9:07

languages, but beyond that, he just thought

9:09

he was better than other people and

9:12

that he naturally deserved his choice of

9:14

assignments. Of course,

9:16

that did not leave a favorable

9:18

impression on his commanding officers, not

9:20

generally how things work in most

9:22

militaries. They wanted him to follow

9:24

orders and not try to pick

9:26

and choose what he wanted to do.

9:30

But things became a little less boring for him in

9:32

1774, when Moroccan forces, backed

9:35

by the British, attacked Malia on the

9:38

North African coast. This

9:40

led to a two-month siege and

9:42

Miranda's first real experience in combat.

9:45

In terms of his overall military

9:47

service, this siege was not that

9:49

long, but as it was going

9:51

on, he started to get a

9:53

sense of how Spanish colonialism was

9:55

affecting people's lives in the areas

9:57

being colonized, beyond his own experience

10:00

people of similar standing to his

10:02

own family in Venezuela. After

10:05

this siege ended in a victory

10:07

for Spain, Miranda visited Gibraltar, which

10:09

was under British control, and he

10:11

started meeting and forming connections with

10:13

British people living there, and

10:16

also hearing about the ongoing unrest

10:18

that was happening in Britain's colonies

10:20

in the Americas. His

10:22

personal study also started to

10:25

include the works of Enlightenment

10:27

thinkers who really criticized various

10:29

aspects of Europe's colonial empires.

10:32

This included works like Istoire

10:34

philosophique de du Zindi, which was

10:37

attributed to Abe Guillaume Thomas right

10:39

now, and this is somebody

10:41

that Miranda later met and became friends with.

10:44

This was an early work of world

10:46

history that examined the impact of European

10:48

colonization on the rest of the world,

10:51

and it included criticisms of the institution

10:53

of slavery and the

10:55

use of religion to subject

10:57

colonized peoples and nation's own

10:59

citizens. He also read

11:01

and absorbed the works of writers

11:04

like Voltaire and Rousseau, writers who

11:06

argued against tyranny and corruption and

11:08

for liberty and freedom. Many

11:11

of these writers were strident critics

11:13

of the Spanish Inquisition and their

11:15

writings, and because of this, the

11:17

Inquisition started keeping tabs on Francisco

11:19

de Miranda. Miranda spent

11:21

so much time focused on this self-study

11:24

that he was disciplined for reading too

11:26

much, as well

11:28

as for insubordination. Some of this

11:30

was probably the product of his

11:33

growing focus on these Enlightenment ideals,

11:36

but he also just seems to have

11:38

been all over the place as a

11:40

military officer. He was accused of ignoring

11:42

behavior that should have led to discipline

11:44

in some cases, but also

11:46

using severe beatings as a form of

11:49

discipline in others. He

11:51

also had a lot of romantic

11:53

and sexual relationships. That's something else

11:55

that would continue throughout his life.

11:58

He chronicled these relationships in detail. in

12:00

his diaries, describing a range

12:02

of experiences with sex workers

12:04

and servants, and longer-term, more

12:06

intellectual relationships with women that

12:08

he thought of as educated

12:10

or witty or respectable. For

12:13

the most part, his diaries tend to

12:16

treat these higher-status women with more discretion

12:18

and care than his more casual encounters.

12:21

A number of biographies of Miranda

12:23

have characterized him as merely a

12:25

womanizer and a philanderer. But

12:27

over the course of his life, he also seemed

12:29

to recognize how the treatment of

12:31

women in many societies was unjust,

12:33

and he saw at least to

12:36

some extent the kinds of sexual

12:38

double standards that meant that he

12:40

and his romantic partners were viewed

12:42

differently for having the same relationship.

12:45

He advocated for women to have legal

12:47

rights and protections, and it's likely that

12:49

he was personally acquainted with Mary Wollstonecraft

12:51

during the years of the French Revolution.

12:54

Yeah, it seems more like he

12:56

was a philanderer and an advocate for

12:59

women. Right? He's one of

13:01

those dudes that people might say today, he

13:03

just loved women. Yeah. In a

13:05

lot of ways. Also,

13:07

like a lot of the things that

13:09

people characterized him for negatively in the

13:12

19th century seem to have

13:14

been viewed not as critically in

13:16

the 18th century. No. Because

13:19

of changing mores around

13:22

sex and relationships anyway to move back

13:24

to the timeline. By 1776, Miranda

13:28

thought his military career in and around

13:30

Spain had kind of come to a

13:32

dead end, and he had

13:34

also heard that the unrest in

13:36

Britain's colonies had evolved into a

13:39

full-fledged revolution. This time,

13:41

he did get the transfer that he had

13:43

wanted, and we will get to that after

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you think about the future, what kind of

14:53

technology do you envision? Whatever the future

14:55

holds, artificial intelligence will undoubtedly be at

14:57

the heart of it all. Join

15:00

Graham Class as he hosts Season 2

15:02

of Technically Speaking and Intel Podcast from

15:04

Ruby Studio in partnership with Intel. Explore

15:07

the future of technology that's rapidly evolving our

15:10

world today with the help of AI. There

15:12

is still so much work and research

15:14

needed to fully understand the power and

15:17

potential of AI. And Intel is at

15:19

the forefront of implementing AI in revolutionary

15:21

technology that's changing the world we

15:23

live in for the better. In

15:25

each episode, Graham interviews the minds

15:28

transforming medicine and healthcare, retail, entertainment,

15:30

personal computing, and more while pioneering

15:32

new uses for AI in these

15:34

spaces. Tune in every other

15:36

Tuesday and explore the latest technology that's

15:39

changing our world today and creating a

15:41

more accessible tomorrow. Listen to

15:43

Technically Speaking and Intel Podcast on the

15:45

iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

15:48

get your podcasts. I'm

15:53

Tracy V. Wilson from Stuff You Missed in History

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18:53

know that France provided significant

18:55

tambourg, getting a couple of name

18:58

drops in that show as

19:00

well. And then Lin-Manuel Miranda

19:02

also wrote a Ben Franklin song, alluding

19:04

to that time in Paris, and that

19:06

was performed by the Decemberists that came

19:08

out later on. A

19:11

lot of stuff about France and

19:13

the Revolutionary War. I did not

19:15

get a similar story about the

19:17

assistance that was provided by Spain.

19:20

One reason for Spain's support of the

19:22

revolution in North America is that Spain

19:25

was allied with France, and France had

19:27

allied with the revolution. France

19:29

and Spain were each ruled by monarchs

19:31

from the House of Bourbon, and in

19:34

the 18th century they signed three separate

19:36

but similar defensive agreements known as the

19:38

Pact de Femieux. The

19:41

1761 agreement was signed during the Seven Years

19:43

War, which is of course a whole separate

19:45

topic, but broadly speaking it didn't work out

19:47

all that well for either nation. Spain's

19:50

support didn't make a huge difference to

19:52

France, and Spain lost two of its

19:55

key ports, Havana and Manila, to the

19:57

British during the war. When

19:59

the war ended, to

22:00

the United States through France and

22:03

through a fictitious Caribbean trading enterprise

22:05

called Rodrique Hurtales & Company. This

22:08

included critical financial support for the siege

22:10

of Yorktown and a loan to pay

22:12

soldiers in the Continental Army toward the

22:14

end of the war. According

22:17

to the memoirs of Rochambeau's treasurer

22:19

Claude Blanchard, this loan involved so

22:21

many silver coins that they broke

22:23

through the floor of the house

22:25

where they were being stored. Spain

22:28

also fought against the British in

22:30

and around territory that it had

22:32

previously lost to Britain and North

22:34

America. In 1780, 80

22:37

vessels set sail from Spain carrying about 12,000 men.

22:41

To be part of doing this, one of

22:43

those men was Francisco de Miranda. Shortly

22:45

after they arrived in Havana, he was

22:48

assigned to act as aid to Camp

22:50

2 General Juan Manuel de Cajigal y

22:52

Montserrat, who was acting governor of Cuba.

22:55

Miranda's transfer to Cajigal's service may

22:57

have been a byproduct of his

22:59

ongoing issues with military life. He

23:02

really does seem to have had clear ideas

23:04

about how things should be done and a

23:07

very high opinion of his own abilities, and

23:09

his commanding officer seems to have wanted him

23:11

out of his hair. But

23:13

Miranda and Cajigal worked well together.

23:16

Cajigal gave him some freedom to make

23:18

his own decisions or figure out for

23:20

himself how to carry out his orders,

23:23

so there was just less headbutting and

23:25

accusations of insubordination. Cajigal

23:27

eventually secured a promotion for Miranda

23:29

to Lieutenant Colonel and later recommended

23:32

him to be promoted to Colonel.

23:35

Cajigal also praised Miranda's work

23:37

to Bernardo de Galvez, governor

23:39

of Louisiana and field marshal

23:41

of Spain's forces in North

23:43

America. Galvez had

23:45

started smuggling supplies to the

23:47

American rebels before Spain had

23:49

declared war on England, and

23:52

he planned a military campaign that

23:54

would give the Spanish control of

23:56

all the ports around the Gulf

23:58

of Mexico and up. up into

24:01

the Mississippi River, including defending

24:03

New Orleans and capturing Baton

24:06

Rouge, Natchez, and Mobile from

24:08

Britain. The culmination

24:10

of this effort was the capture of

24:12

Pensacola, which was then the capital of

24:15

the British territory of West Florida. All

24:18

of this forced the British to spread

24:20

out their resources to fight on an

24:23

additional Southern front, and it

24:25

cut off Britain's access to support and

24:27

supply lines around the Gulf of Mexico.

24:30

Many of the men who had originally

24:33

sailed from Spain had sickened or died

24:35

from tropical diseases, so they

24:37

reinforced their numbers with men from

24:40

Louisiana, Mexico, and Cuba, including enslaved

24:42

and freed black men. After

24:45

waiting out hurricane season, this multiracial

24:47

army departed from Cuba to the

24:49

mainland in February of 1781, joining

24:53

up with Galvez's force. They

24:55

arrived at the barrier islands outside Pensacola

24:57

Bay on March 9th. After

25:00

one of the ships ran aground, they regrouped and

25:02

made their way into the bay on March 18th.

25:05

The battle to capture Pensacola went

25:07

on for about eight weeks before

25:10

a Spanish shell hit the powder

25:12

magazine on May 8th, which destroyed

25:14

Fort George and forced the British

25:16

to surrender. Since Miranda

25:18

was fluent in both English and

25:21

Spanish, he was one of the

25:23

people who helped negotiate surrender terms.

25:25

Spain officially took control of Pensacola

25:28

on May 10th. This

25:30

was about four months before the siege

25:32

of Yorktown, which was the last major

25:34

land battle of the Revolutionary War. There

25:37

were still skirmishes on land after Yorktown

25:40

though, and the British Navy continued to

25:42

fight the naval forces of other European

25:44

powers at sea, including France,

25:46

the Netherlands, and Spain. But

25:49

this is usually seen as something of an ending

25:51

in the war. The Revolutionary

25:53

War formally ended two years later under the

25:55

Treaty of Paris in 1783, and

25:59

Britain also signed the war. separate peace treaties

26:01

with France and Spain, known as the

26:03

Treaties of Versailles. Under

26:05

these treaties, Spain regained control of

26:07

East and West Florida and Menorca,

26:09

as well as Sacramento. Of

26:12

course, Spain eventually returned Louisiana to

26:14

France under another secret agreement in

26:17

1800, and the U.S. purchased

26:19

much of it in 1803. Today,

26:22

the loss of Pensacola is seen

26:24

as a turning point in the

26:26

war, after which Britain thought

26:28

it might not be possible to win

26:30

it. In addition to cutting

26:33

off Britain from the Gulf of

26:35

Mexico, Galvez's campaign also meant that

26:37

Britain had lost a colony in

26:39

this war that was not actually

26:41

one of the colonies that had rebelled against

26:43

it. Without Spain's contributions

26:45

of money, funds, and supplies, and

26:47

its military efforts along the Gulf

26:49

of Mexico and elsewhere, the Revolutionary

26:52

War probably would have gone on

26:54

for a whole lot longer. As

26:57

a side note, Bernardo de Galvez is

26:59

the namesake of Galveston, Texas, as well

27:01

as other places in Texas and Louisiana.

27:04

And he is only one of eight

27:06

people in history to have been given

27:09

honorary U.S. citizenship. That happened

27:11

in 2014 under Public Law number 113-229, which

27:13

described this as an extraordinary honor

27:17

and called him, quote, hero of the

27:20

Revolutionary War who risked his life for

27:22

the freedom of the United States people

27:25

and provided supplies, intelligence,

27:27

and strong military support to the war

27:29

effort. We will get

27:31

back to Miranda after another sponsor break.

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the capture of Pensacola, Spanish forces

31:48

took the opportunity to resupply, some

31:51

of it by looting and commandeering,

31:53

but also by making actual

31:55

purchases. Francisco de Miranda

31:57

bought at least 24 books in

32:00

English to add to his personal library.

32:03

He also purchased at least

32:05

three enslaved African people. Some

32:08

historians have interpreted this as an

32:10

attempt at benevolence, basically trying to ensure

32:12

these people safety and provide them with

32:15

a better life than they might've had

32:17

otherwise. But he also

32:19

later sold these people to someone else.

32:21

And at one point also accepted an

32:24

enslaved person that someone gave him as

32:26

a gift. In reality, Miranda

32:28

had grown up in a slave society.

32:30

His father had enslaved at least seven

32:32

people during his youth. And

32:35

he just doesn't seem to have been thinking about the

32:37

issue very deeply at this point. Although

32:39

Miranda later became connected to

32:41

vocal abolitionists, the abolition of

32:43

slavery was never really a

32:46

focal point in his revolutionary

32:48

ideas. And at first

32:50

this was probably still a byproduct of

32:53

just not putting a lot of thought

32:55

into it. But later after the Haitian

32:57

revolution, it was also

32:59

out of fear of sparking another

33:02

similar uprising among enslaved Africans in

33:04

the places that he wanted to

33:06

liberate. He did advocate

33:08

for the rights of free black people

33:11

in a lot of contexts, but he

33:13

just really does not seem to have

33:15

considered what things like freedom and liberation

33:17

could mean in the context

33:19

of societies that were so deeply

33:22

connected to the enslavement of African

33:24

and indigenous peoples, or

33:26

like really what it would take to

33:28

achieve those ideals in that context. In

33:31

August of 1781, General Juan Manuel

33:33

de Cajigal sent Miranda to Jamaica

33:36

to negotiate a prisoner exchange and

33:38

to make discrete inquiries about whether

33:40

Spain might be able to purchase

33:42

British ships and supplies there. Miranda

33:46

successfully negotiated for the release of 900

33:48

prisoners and

33:50

arranged for their transport back to Cuba. Although

33:53

he had a history of rubbing his

33:55

own military superiors the wrong way, he

33:58

was also described as extremely charming. and

34:00

he convinced the British governor in Jamaica to

34:03

give him free rein to go wherever he

34:05

wanted. So on top

34:07

of making those requested discreet inquiries,

34:09

he also took detailed notes about

34:12

the British presence on Jamaica, including

34:14

the fortifications, troops, and ships to

34:16

deliver back to the Spanish. He

34:19

also wanted to take the opportunity to

34:21

continue to improve his English. So

34:24

he bought some more English language

34:26

books for his library and he

34:28

palled around with various English officials

34:31

in Jamaica. While

34:33

he had made those inquiries discreetly,

34:35

he wasn't really as discreet when

34:37

it came to talking about what

34:39

was happening with Spain's forces in

34:41

the Caribbean and the Gulf of

34:43

Mexico. It

34:45

might seem a little weird that

34:47

he was either intentionally or by

34:49

accident revealing Spanish secrets to the

34:52

British while fighting against the British

34:54

in the Revolutionary War. At

34:56

this point, Miranda was

34:59

also starting to think about bringing

35:01

a revolution to Spanish America and

35:03

in that war, Britain could

35:05

be a potential ally. When

35:08

Miranda returned to Havana after either intentionally

35:11

working as a double agent or just

35:13

being a little too loose-lipped, he was

35:15

immediately questioned about all of those meetings

35:17

with the British as well as other

35:20

various intrigues that he had gotten into,

35:22

like trying to secure some naval vessels

35:24

for Cajígal, claiming they would

35:26

be sailing under a flag of truce as

35:28

a prisoner of war transport while really

35:30

intending to add them to the fleet. He

35:33

also might have done a little light smuggling. Galvez,

35:36

who had never thought as highly

35:38

of Miranda as Cajígal did, ordered

35:41

his arrest and a formal investigation.

35:44

Cajígal got him released and soon after in

35:46

August of 1782, Miranda

35:48

fled from Havana. After

35:50

spending some time in hiding, he traveled to

35:53

the United States aboard an American ship called

35:55

the Prudent in 1783.

35:58

By that point, the Spanish government considered him

36:00

to be a conspirator against the Crowned.

36:03

Káhígal was caught up in Miranda's intrigues

36:05

as well and was eventually forced to

36:08

go to Spain to try to clear

36:10

his own name. This

36:13

doesn't really seem to have tarnished his relationship

36:15

with Miranda, though. Much later, in

36:17

April of 1800, it would be Káhígal

36:19

who wrote to Miranda to inform him

36:21

that King Carlos III had cleared him

36:24

of all of these charges. Miranda's

36:27

ship landed in New Bern, North Carolina, in June of

36:29

1783, just a few months before the

36:33

Treaty of Paris officially ended the

36:35

Revolutionary War. And he spent

36:37

the next year and a half traveling through

36:39

the newly independent United States. He

36:42

kept a detailed diary of his travels,

36:44

covering everything from the names of the

36:46

notable people he met, to the social

36:48

and religious customs of different areas, to

36:50

the governments and systems people were in

36:52

the process of establishing. Some

36:54

of this seemed pretty strange to him. Like

36:57

in some areas that he passed through,

36:59

he was criticized for doing things like

37:01

playing music on Sunday. A

37:03

lot of Protestants in North America saw

37:06

the Sabbath as a day of contemplative

37:08

rest, while the Sabbath in Catholic Venezuela

37:10

had been more festive and celebratory. He

37:14

was particularly fascinated by the Quaker

37:16

communities that he visited in Pennsylvania

37:18

and how different their religious and

37:21

cultural practices were than anything he'd

37:23

really experienced elsewhere. He

37:25

was also particularly impressed with

37:27

how often he saw elected

37:29

leaders and other elites meeting,

37:32

conversing, and sharing meals with

37:34

more common people. That

37:36

was something that seemed more egalitarian to

37:38

him than the more hierarchical ways that

37:41

things had worked in Venezuela or Spain.

37:44

During this tour, Miranda met seemingly

37:46

every major figure of the American

37:48

Revolution and had lengthy conversations with

37:50

them about the revolution, the war,

37:53

and the government they were establishing.

37:56

He met George Washington for dinner in Philadelphia and

37:58

after meeting Alexander, he was a member Alexander Hamilton

38:00

started a regular correspondence with him that

38:02

would last for the rest of Hamilton's

38:04

life. In Boston, he

38:07

met Samuel Adams and Henry Knox, and

38:09

at some point he also met poet

38:11

Phyllis Wheatley. It's

38:13

likely that Miranda had been thinking

38:15

about the idea of starting a

38:18

revolution in Spanish America for some

38:20

time before this, but

38:22

he wrote that in New York he,

38:25

quote, formed a project for the liberty

38:27

and independence of the entire Spanish American

38:29

continent. In

38:31

April of 1784, Miranda received word

38:33

that he had been sentenced for

38:35

deserting the Spanish military, including

38:38

being fined and stripped of his

38:40

commission. He was also

38:42

sentenced to exile, although at that point

38:44

he hadn't been in Spanish territory for

38:46

almost a year. That

38:48

meant, though, that he couldn't legally return. On

38:51

December 15, 1784, he set sail for

38:53

London, and we're going to get into

38:56

that part of the story next time.

39:00

Before we move on to next

39:02

time, tomorrow, the next day, whatever day

39:04

you're listening, I have listener mail. Hooray!

39:09

This listener mail is from Jennifer,

39:11

who wrote, after we did a

39:13

Six Impossible episodes about etiquette manuals,

39:17

Jennifer said, Hi, Holly and Tracy. I started

39:19

listening to your podcast a few years ago

39:21

when my sister and her family were staying

39:23

here with me and my parents. My

39:25

mom, my sister, and I love to

39:27

cross stitch, and we began gathering around

39:29

the living room table to work on

39:31

our projects and listen to podcasts. Recently,

39:34

while listening to the Etiquette Manual episode, my

39:36

mother and I both thought of Mark Twain.

39:38

My dad is obsessed with his work, so

39:40

it's been a major part of our lives

39:42

growing up. He wrote a

39:45

short piece in Letters from the Earth called

39:47

From an Unfinished Burlesque of Books

39:49

on Etiquette, which made fun of

39:51

several poorly written etiquette manuals in

39:54

common circulation at the time. The

39:57

second section, Out of Fire, is my

39:59

personal favorite. If you've never read it,

40:01

we highly recommend it. It is still hilarious

40:03

all these years later. It

40:05

includes several of the elements

40:07

you described in actual etiquette

40:09

manuals, such as example texts

40:11

and scenarios, but all with

40:14

Twain's particular deadpan exaggeration added.

40:17

As pet tax, I've included pictures of

40:19

Delilah, our five-year-old gray kitty. She hates

40:21

getting her picture taken, so I apologize

40:23

for the if equality. And

40:26

Cleo, the Bengal belonging to one of

40:28

our close friends who came by on

40:30

a visit a few weeks ago. Thank you

40:32

so much for all of the joy you bring

40:34

to our lives. Kindest regards, Jennifer. Thank you so

40:36

much, Jennifer, for this email. Number one, I have

40:39

not heard of this work by Mark Twain. I

40:41

am definitely going to look into it, but

40:44

I have not as of now. We have

40:46

a picture of black

40:48

kitty. Very eager to, it looks

40:50

like jump on top of a washing machine

40:52

or a dryer, which

40:55

is, you know, super

40:58

appropriate thing for cats to do, jump up

41:00

on top of things. But then

41:02

also we've got some pictures of

41:04

under a piece of furniture, including

41:09

the flash from the camera or just the light

41:11

from the camera causing glowing cat eyes. I love

41:13

all of these pictures. I

41:16

love learning that there was a

41:18

satire by Mark Twain about

41:21

etiquette manuals. That sounds great. So

41:24

thank you so much for sending this

41:26

email if you would like to write

41:28

to us about this

41:30

or any other podcast for a

41:32

history podcast at iheartradio.com. And

41:35

we're on social media, kind of, at Miston

41:37

History on most of the places. And you

41:39

can subscribe to our show on the

41:42

iHeartRadio app or wherever you like

41:44

to get your podcasts. Thanks

41:47

for watching. I'll see you next time. Bye.

42:00

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