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Let's create. Welcome

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to Stuff You Missed in History

2:51

Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello

2:56

and welcome to

2:59

the podcast. I'm

3:02

Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry.

3:04

This is the second part of our

3:06

episode on Francisco de

3:08

Miranda. Where

3:11

we left off. He

3:13

had been convicted of desertion and sentenced

3:15

to exile from Spain and then had

3:17

spent about a year and a half

3:20

touring the newly established United

3:22

States. So if you're thinking

3:24

I should probably find out what

3:26

that was all about because I didn't listen to

3:28

part one. Go do

3:31

that first. From

3:33

there after touring the United States

3:35

he set off for London and

3:37

that would become his primary home

3:39

for a big chunk of his

3:41

adult life. Francisco de

3:43

Miranda left the United States on December 15th

3:46

1784 arriving in England

3:49

on February 1st of the following year.

3:53

He reconnected with people he had known

3:55

during his earlier time in Europe including

3:57

the merchant John Turnbull who he had

3:59

previously met. in Gibraltar. Turnbull

4:02

became something of a patron to

4:04

Miranda, helping to finance his life in

4:06

exile. Miranda also

4:08

introduced himself to the Spanish

4:10

ambassador in London, Bernardo del

4:12

Campo y Perez de la

4:15

Cerna, to explain himself for

4:17

his actions back in the

4:19

Caribbean. But the

4:21

ambassador had already heard from

4:23

Jose Monino, the first count

4:26

of Florida Blanca, Chief Minister

4:28

to King Carlos III of

4:30

Spain. Chief Minister had already

4:32

told the ambassador to be on

4:34

the lookout for Miranda. And if

4:37

Miranda arrived in London, the ambassador

4:39

was expected to try to gain

4:41

his trust with the goal of

4:43

eventually capturing him. I think

4:46

there were legal and diplomatic reasons not to

4:48

just shut the door behind him when he

4:50

came into the office and say, you're captured

4:52

now. But I

4:55

don't have the specifics of what those reasons

4:57

were. One of

4:59

Miranda's core character traits, which we mentioned

5:01

in the first part, really seems to

5:04

have been hubris. And with Bernardo del

5:06

Campo's help and encouragement, he wrote a

5:08

letter to the King, not only asking

5:10

to be released from his military service,

5:13

but also asking to be paid wages

5:15

that he had never collected for

5:18

that service, as well as repayment

5:20

of his purchase of his commission.

5:22

Whoo, he does not lack for

5:25

bravado. The ambassador intercepted

5:27

this letter and other letters that Miranda

5:29

sent to friends and family asking for

5:31

money as he tried to put together

5:33

a plan to try to take him

5:36

into custody. Not

5:38

knowing that the ambassador had orders

5:40

to try to capture him, 34-year-old

5:42

Miranda also let him know helpfully

5:44

that he was leaving London. He

5:47

embarked on a European tour, much

5:49

like the grand tours of the

5:51

continent that were commonly undertaken by

5:53

upper-class young men in Europe in

5:55

the 17th through about the 19th

5:57

centuries. He traveled for a time

6:00

with Colonel William Stephen Smith, who

6:02

had been an officer in the

6:04

Continental Army during the Revolutionary War

6:06

and was George Washington's aide-de-camp during

6:08

the Battle of Yorktown. While

6:11

in London, Smith also started

6:13

courting Abigail Amelia Adams, known

6:15

as Naby, daughter of

6:18

John and Abigail Adams. Miranda

6:20

and Smith traveled first to Prussia,

6:22

making their way there through Holland.

6:25

This was fortunate for Miranda, since the

6:27

Spanish had been expecting him to travel

6:29

through France and had been working on

6:31

a plan to capture him en route.

6:34

As he'd done while traveling through the

6:36

United States, Miranda observed how different governments

6:38

worked and how their rulers and leaders

6:41

did things. He and

6:43

Smith also toured a lot of

6:45

historical, religious, and cultural sites, as

6:47

well as educational institutions. In

6:49

a lot of ways, this tour was more

6:52

like an intentional study and learning experience than

6:54

a casual sightseeing trip. Smith

6:56

went back to London in September of

6:58

1785, where he took up formal duties

7:01

as secretary to the American Legation, and

7:03

he married Naby Adams there on June

7:05

11, 1786. Not

7:09

long after Smith returned to

7:11

London, Miranda had an encounter

7:13

with Maurizio Cef Paulives Roche-Gilbert

7:15

de Motier, Marquis de

7:17

Lafayette, while observing military maneuvers by

7:19

the Prussian army. Lafayette

7:22

had been instrumental in the Revolutionary

7:24

War, serving on George

7:27

Washington's staff, working with Benjamin

7:29

Franklin's delegation to secure aid

7:31

from France, and commanding an

7:33

army at Yorktown. Lafayette

7:36

both offered his services, should

7:38

Miranda ever visit Paris, and

7:40

also asked him whether he thought

7:43

there might be a similar uprising

7:45

in the Spanish colonies. Miranda

7:48

does not seem to have liked

7:50

or trusted Lafayette for

7:53

reasons that aren't fully clear. He suspected

7:55

that Lafayette had been involved in

7:57

one of the many capture

7:59

attempts. though. So in

8:02

this one case, Miranda was uncharacteristically

8:05

evasive. He told Lafayette that he

8:07

had heard of no such revolutionary

8:09

activity in Spanish America, even though

8:11

he himself was thinking about this

8:14

a lot. Miranda

8:16

was a wanted man, but he was

8:18

also charming and resourceful. And with some

8:20

exceptions, like the Marquis de Lafayette, he

8:22

had no trouble finding friends to help

8:24

him out or to make introductions to

8:26

people that he wanted to meet. He

8:29

spent roughly four years traveling through Europe,

8:32

learning and exploring and trying to get

8:34

support for his plan to start that

8:37

aforementioned but denied to Lafayette

8:39

revolution in Spanish America. He

8:42

wanted to liberate all of the territory that

8:44

Spain was holding in the Americas, which was

8:46

from Cape Horn at the far southern tip

8:49

of Chile, all the way north

8:51

to the 45th parallel. For

8:53

context, the 45th parallel north forms

8:55

much of the border between Montana

8:58

and Wyoming. From west

9:00

to east, this liberated empire would stretch

9:02

from the Pacific Ocean to the borders

9:04

of Guyana and Brazil in South America.

9:07

Those were under the control of Britain and

9:09

Portugal, and in North America, it would extend

9:11

to the Mississippi River. Miranda

9:14

had written a constitution for this

9:16

massive empire he envisioned, which he

9:19

wanted to call Columbia. He said

9:22

this would be founded under the

9:24

principles of freedom and independence. In

9:27

the words of an early English language

9:29

biography of him, quote, He

9:56

had honorably occupied the first offices

9:58

of the empire, such as... general,

10:01

Admiral, Chief Justice, and Questor. The

10:03

members of the lower house or

10:05

chamber of communes were to be

10:07

chosen by all the citizens. They

10:09

were to hold office for five

10:11

years and their persons were declared

10:13

to be inviolable for that period

10:16

except in case of capital crimes.

10:18

Re-election was possible. The members of

10:20

the judiciary were to be chosen

10:22

by the Inca from the most

10:24

distinguished members of the judicial corps.

10:27

These federal judges were to hold

10:29

office for life unless deprived of

10:31

their positions by a judgment of

10:33

forfeiture. They were the only

10:35

officers mentioned in the Constitution regarding whom

10:38

it was specified that they were to

10:40

receive a salary. So

10:42

the role of Inca here is terminology

10:44

that he was appropriating from the Inca

10:47

Empire that had flourished in South America

10:49

in the 15th and 16th centuries. He

10:52

was not necessarily envisioning installing someone

10:54

from one of the Quechuan-speaking peoples

10:56

still living in this region of

10:58

the world in this hereditary office.

11:02

Tracy, who did

11:04

the research on this, honestly found

11:06

this sort of very foggy regarding

11:08

who exactly he thought should step

11:10

into this hereditary new role. Yeah,

11:13

I also think he

11:15

was conceiving this nomenclature

11:17

as honorific, but

11:20

this adds to the things that

11:22

he just hasn't thought about very

11:26

clearly, like what it

11:28

means to liberate and use this title for

11:31

the people who really were descendants of that

11:33

empire but are maybe not going to be

11:35

part of the ruling elite of this newly

11:38

liberated organizational plan.

11:41

This was one of several

11:43

frameworks that Miranda envisioned for

11:45

a liberated Spanish America over

11:47

the course of his lifetime,

11:49

and he drafted and revised

11:51

other proposed constitutions in addition

11:53

to this one. Some

11:56

of them were closer to like a

11:58

constitutional monarchy, some... Some of them were

12:00

closer to a republic. All

12:03

of them, though, were focused on

12:05

ideals like liberty and freedom. Although,

12:08

as we said in part one and a few moments ago,

12:10

I think without really

12:12

wrestling with how that would

12:14

be achieved given the context

12:17

of colonization and enslavement and

12:19

genocide in these places that

12:21

he wanted to liberate. I

12:23

have a theory we'll discuss on Friday. One

12:29

of the people Miranda spent the most time and

12:31

effort trying to win over to his plan was

12:34

the Empress of Russia, Catherine the Great. He

12:36

spent almost two years in Russian territory,

12:39

making his case and trying to gain

12:41

her support. There were

12:43

rumors that the two of them were

12:45

lovers. It is known that Miranda had

12:47

a lot of lovers during his lifetime,

12:49

but there's no substantiation for this particular

12:51

relationship. Although Miranda couldn't

12:53

get Catherine to commit to backing his revolution,

12:56

she did give him some money, and

12:58

she ordered Russian embassies to assist him where

13:00

they could. Being under

13:03

the Empress's protection also helped him evade

13:05

yet more attempts to take him into

13:07

Spanish custody. Miranda returned

13:09

to London in 1789. When

13:12

he had first arrived there four

13:15

years before, he had not found

13:17

much support for his revolutionary ideas.

13:20

This was really not surprising since

13:23

Britain had just been through the

13:25

Revolutionary War. But

13:27

in 1790, he thought he

13:29

might be able to take

13:31

advantage of an international dispute

13:33

over the Nucus Sound off

13:35

Vancouver Island. Britain

13:38

and Spain were both claiming to

13:40

control this sound, and

13:42

Miranda hoped to convince the British

13:44

that a revolution in Spanish territory

13:47

would work out in their favor

13:49

in this dispute. They

13:51

had at least two meetings with the

13:53

British Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger,

13:55

about these plans, much

13:58

to Miranda's frustration, though. Pitt was

14:00

a lot more focused on Spain,

14:03

not on like a hypothetical

14:05

situation involving Spain's colonies

14:07

in the Americas. In

14:09

June of 1789, Miranda also followed up

14:12

with Spain's ambassador to Britain, Bernardo del

14:14

Campo, pointing out that he had never

14:16

heard anything back about that letter that

14:18

he'd sent to King Carlos III, explaining

14:20

why it was totally reasonable for him

14:23

to have deserted the Spanish army, and

14:25

also asking for back pay and a

14:27

refund on the money he paid for

14:29

his commission. The ambassador

14:31

had never sent the letter after intercepting it,

14:34

but said that he'd had no idea where

14:36

Miranda was for the last four years. He

14:39

thought he'd just settled this situation with Spain

14:41

himself. So Miranda wrote

14:43

to Count Flor de Blanca, minister to the

14:45

King, saying that he had been offered all

14:47

kinds of positions with other governments and had

14:50

to refuse them because he was still tied

14:52

to Spain. He again

14:54

wrote directly to the King, which was now

14:56

King Carlos IV, who had come to the

14:58

throne after his father's death in 1788. Miranda

15:02

seems to have been holding out

15:04

hope for some kind of reconciliation

15:07

with the Spanish crown, one which

15:09

somehow would involve the crown coming to

15:11

agree with him that Spanish America deserved

15:14

to be independent. Bernardo

15:16

del Campo eventually did send a

15:18

letter on his behalf that requested

15:20

he be given safe conduct to

15:22

Madrid so that he could vindicate

15:24

his honor. Instead

15:26

though, Miranda was ordered to just return to

15:29

Spain so that he could face trial. Miranda

15:32

knew that if he returned to Spanish

15:34

territory after this, he would immediately be

15:36

imprisoned. So in April of

15:39

1790, he wrote another letter to the

15:41

King in which he said that he

15:43

must quote, renounce the pleasant society of

15:45

my parents and other relatives in order

15:47

to seek a country that would at

15:49

least treat me with justice and assure

15:51

me civil tranquility. His

15:54

next move after this was to France, and we'll

15:56

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20:32

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feeling more okay with being a diva. It

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21:11

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how are you sharing this information? Listen

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podcasts, or wherever you get your favorite shows. We

21:34

set up at the top of part

21:36

one of the episode that Francisco de

21:38

Miranda had fought in three revolutions. We

21:41

already talked about the Revolutionary War. Now we

21:43

have reached the second of them after renouncing

21:46

his ties to some of the British.

21:50

We have reached the second of them after renouncing

21:52

his ties to Spain. He spent a

21:54

couple of years in London and then

21:57

decided to visit France. He

21:59

set sail on the island of France. on March 19th, 1792, in the timeline

22:01

of the French Revolution. I'm

22:07

laughing because I'm just like, this just seems

22:09

like a time to decide that you're gonna

22:11

go to France. This was after the storming

22:13

of the Bastille. It was before

22:16

the monarchy was abolished and France was proclaimed

22:18

to be a republic. So Louis

22:20

XVI, still king, but

22:22

under the French constitution of 1791, he

22:25

was sharing power with the legislative assembly.

22:28

Although Miranda had an obvious affinity

22:31

for the French revolutionary ideals of

22:33

liberty, equality, and fraternity, he

22:36

didn't immediately join up with the

22:38

revolutionary movement. He spent

22:40

some time basically sightseeing around Paris

22:42

while also meeting various officials and

22:44

political leaders. This included

22:46

members of the revolutionary Girondin faction,

22:49

but even then his focus was

22:51

on revolution in Spanish America, not

22:53

in France. But

22:55

then came the French Revolutionary Wars.

22:58

That's the series of wars between France

23:00

and other European nations that started in

23:03

1792, eventually

23:05

morphing into the Napoleonic Wars

23:08

after Napoleon's rise to power.

23:11

The first phase of these wars

23:13

became known as the War of

23:15

the First Coalition and the French

23:17

national anthem, La Marseillaise, was written

23:19

as a rallying cry during its

23:21

initial stages when things were

23:23

not going all that well for France. When

23:26

the war started, France was dealing with

23:28

an economic crisis, food riots,

23:30

and all the social and political

23:33

upheaval connected with the French Revolution.

23:36

Other European monarchies saw the revolutionary

23:38

events in France as alarming and

23:40

considered whether to intervene to protect

23:42

King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette,

23:44

or to try to prevent similar

23:46

revolutions within their own kingdoms and

23:48

empires. Some monarchs wanted

23:51

to put down the revolution entirely,

23:53

while others were more focused on

23:55

keeping it confined just to France.

23:58

So in April of 1792, King

24:00

Louis' ministry was made up primarily

24:02

of Girondin, who were advising him

24:05

to go to war with Austria,

24:07

where they believed that French nationals

24:09

were planning a counter-revolution. And then

24:11

various factions within France all thought

24:13

that a war would work out

24:16

to their benefit for a range

24:18

of reasons. Like, the revolutionaries

24:20

thought that it would make it obvious that

24:22

the king was not acting in good faith,

24:25

while the royalists and supporters of

24:27

the constitutional monarchy that had been

24:29

established in 1791 thought

24:32

that a war could help solidify the

24:35

king's power. But this

24:37

quickly spiraled away from what most people

24:39

had anticipated or hoped for, with

24:41

Prussia declaring war on France, the

24:44

king dismissing his Girondin ministers and

24:46

installing a more moderate faction, and

24:49

other nations threatening to declare war as

24:51

well if the French monarchs came to

24:53

any harm. Tensions escalated

24:55

between the king and the legislative assembly,

24:57

and on August 10, 1792, revolutionaries

25:01

stormed Tuileries Palace, killing the

25:03

king's Swiss guard. The

25:06

royal family was arrested, and the monarchy

25:08

was suspended. Trying

25:10

to figure out a way to sum all that

25:12

up, and this amount of space was one of

25:14

the big challenges of this episode. The French Revolution

25:16

is always a big challenge. As

25:19

all this was happening, on August 11, the

25:23

mayor of Paris asked Francisco de

25:25

Miranda why he had not joined

25:27

the army to fight for France.

25:30

Miranda pointed out that he had

25:32

seen foreign soldiers being treated pretty

25:34

poorly during the Revolutionary War, and

25:37

that had made him reluctant. But

25:39

on August 22, he was offered the

25:42

rank of Major General in the French

25:44

Revolutionary Army. He

25:46

ultimately accepted this under the conditions

25:48

that after the war, he would

25:50

be given a position that would

25:52

provide him enough income to live

25:54

comfortably in France, and

25:57

that his project for the liberation of Spain

25:59

was not a major issue. Spanish America would

26:01

be given due consideration. Not

26:04

long after, he got a letter from

26:06

Jerome Petion, the Villeneuve President

26:08

of the National Convention, who

26:10

expressed his pleasure at hearing

26:12

that Miranda had joined and

26:14

said that his service would

26:16

ensure the triumph of liberty

26:19

in France and the liberty

26:21

of the entire world. Miranda

26:24

was assigned progressively more responsibility over

26:26

the next several months, ultimately

26:28

winding up with the Army of the

26:31

North under General Charles Francois de Murier.

26:34

At various points, he talked to high-ranking

26:36

officers about how France could benefit in

26:38

the Caribbean by supporting a revolution on

26:41

islands that were under Spanish control, or

26:43

that war in parts of Europe could

26:45

be winnable only if a revolution started

26:48

among the people there. In

26:50

February of 1793, de Murier

26:52

had divided his army with

26:55

a plan to take several

26:57

forts and then ultimately to

26:59

march on Amsterdam. Miranda's

27:02

force of about 30,000 men

27:04

was to besiege the city of

27:06

Maestricht. The city was

27:08

well fortified, but the force defending it

27:11

was pretty small, so Miranda was expecting

27:13

to be able to take the city

27:15

fairly quickly. But on

27:17

March 2nd, an Austrian force

27:20

attacked a detachment that was

27:22

covering this siege. This

27:24

attack came by surprise, and it involved

27:26

an army that had been moved into

27:28

the area without the French knowing about

27:30

it. So Miranda thought that

27:33

he had no choice but to lift the

27:35

siege and withdraw. After

27:37

this, French detachments combined to face the

27:39

Austrian army at Nervinden, a village in

27:42

what's now Belgium, on March 18th. This

27:45

battle stretched through most of the

27:47

day, with Miranda's force attacking a

27:50

well-defended Austrian line led by Archduke

27:52

Charles of Austria. His

27:54

army faced huge losses before being

27:57

attacked by Austrian cavalry, which ultimately

27:59

drove forces across the Meuse

28:01

River. This played a key

28:03

role in France's defeat in the battle.

28:07

The Austrians continued to press

28:09

the French until late March,

28:12

and Montréa met with them to try

28:14

to negotiate a retreat. By

28:16

this point, King Louis XVI had

28:18

been executed, and Montréa was apparently

28:20

very alarmed by the way that

28:22

the revolution had progressed in France.

28:26

So he proposed not

28:28

just a retreat, but

28:30

a return to Paris to overthrow

28:32

the revolutionaries and restore the monarchy.

28:36

Miranda heard about this and left his unit

28:38

to return to Paris ahead of the rest

28:40

of the army and try to raise the

28:42

alarm. Ultimately, rather than

28:44

rallying the army to march on

28:46

Paris, DesMouriers and some of his

28:49

supporters wound up defecting to the

28:51

Austrian side. But

28:53

Miranda was blamed for the French

28:55

defeat at Nervenden and called up

28:57

before the revolutionary tribunal. He argued

29:00

that he was the victim of

29:02

character assassination by DesMouriers, who at

29:04

that point was a known traitor.

29:07

The prosecution's evidence was contradictory,

29:09

and a number of high-profile

29:11

witnesses spoke in Miranda's defense,

29:13

including people like Thomas Payne.

29:16

The tribunal ultimately cleared Miranda

29:18

on all charges. France

29:20

considered Miranda's military service to

29:22

be over as of June

29:25

1, 1793.

29:28

But since now he was a former officer

29:30

in the French army, and France was at

29:32

war with Britain, he could not just go

29:34

back to London. He remained in

29:36

Paris, and he wrote an account of his

29:38

trial and spent some time

29:41

hanging out with some notable people,

29:43

including Thomas Payne. But

29:45

this was during the period when the

29:47

French Revolution was evolving toward the reign

29:50

of terror, and in July the Committee

29:52

of Public Safety ordered Miranda's arrest. He

29:55

was incarcerated at La Force prison on

29:57

suspicion of being part of a royalist

29:59

plot. or perhaps a spy for

30:01

British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger.

30:04

His previous association with the Girondins

30:06

was also a strike against him.

30:09

They had been succeeded by more radical

30:12

factions, and many were executed in a

30:14

purge. Maximilien Robespierre, a

30:16

central figure in the reign of

30:19

terror, also apparently just did not

30:21

like him. This

30:23

was obviously a horrific time

30:25

for France and for Miranda.

30:29

In addition to being imprisoned, he

30:31

watched as his friends that he

30:33

made or reacquainted with in prison

30:35

were either taken to the guillotine

30:37

or took their own lives. But

30:40

he avoided execution and was

30:42

finally released in 1795 after

30:45

the reign of terror had ended, and

30:48

French politician Jean Palais had argued for

30:50

his release on the grounds that he

30:52

was a friend of liberty and an

30:54

enemy of slavery. After

30:57

being released, he wrote to Henry Knox

30:59

saying, quote, I take up the pen

31:01

only to tell you that I live

31:03

and that my sentiments for our dear

31:06

Columbia, as well as for all my

31:08

friends in that part of the world,

31:10

have not changed in the least in

31:12

spite of the events which are bound

31:15

to ruin France. And

31:17

much like he had done in regards to his

31:19

service in Spain, he wrote to

31:21

the Committee for Public Safety asking for

31:24

unpaid wages for his service in the

31:26

French Revolutionary Army, as well

31:28

as reimbursement for various property that had

31:30

been confiscated and other money that he

31:32

felt he was owed. This

31:35

went better than his letter to the

31:37

King of Spain had. The committee did

31:39

agree to reimburse him, although he alleged

31:41

that this matter was never fully settled.

31:44

I think he might have continued to allege it

31:46

like up until his will. At

31:51

some point while living in France, Miranda

31:53

joined the Freemasons He also

31:55

continued to advocate for revolution

31:58

in Spanish America. and

32:00

he published all kinds of pamphlets

32:02

detailing what he saw as threats

32:04

to France's status as a free

32:07

nation. He was again

32:09

arrested in 1795 after

32:12

being accused of conspiring against

32:14

the expansion of France. He

32:17

was released, but after this

32:19

just continued to face suspicion.

32:22

Even so, for reasons

32:24

I don't totally understand, he

32:27

was still in France. By the

32:29

time the coup of 18 Fructidor

32:31

happened, that was on September 4th,

32:33

1797, after

32:37

this coup, his name was included

32:39

on a list of royalists and

32:41

counter-revolutionaries that were to be deported

32:43

to Guyana. It

32:46

seems like this is what finally

32:48

prompted him to leave France, and

32:50

he departed in secret in January

32:52

of 1798. And

32:55

when he left France, he returned to England, and

32:57

we will get into that after we pause for

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you get your favorite shows. ["Fantasize,"

38:38

by The Bachelorette plays in

38:40

the background.] Francisco

38:42

de Miranda continued to try to

38:45

build support for a revolution in

38:47

Spanish America after arriving back in

38:49

London. To that end,

38:52

he made connections with Rufus

38:54

King, U.S. Minister to London.

38:56

He continued his ongoing correspondence

38:58

with Alexander Hamilton. In

39:00

late 1800, he made a trip to

39:02

France with the hope of securing some

39:05

support there based on

39:07

his earlier service to the French army.

39:09

Honestly, this seems like a real weird

39:11

decision to me, considering how

39:14

he had left France

39:16

and the state of his status there then. He

39:18

was arrested when he got there, but he was

39:20

released and he went back to England. He

39:23

tried to take advantage of just

39:25

the continually shifting international situation at

39:28

this point. The French Revolutionary Wars

39:30

gave way to the Napoleonic Wars.

39:32

So France, Spain, and England were

39:35

variously at war with each other

39:37

at some points and not at

39:39

others. And he just was trying

39:41

to work this to

39:44

his advantage, like finding the people who

39:46

would most be benefited by a revolution

39:48

to make that case. And

39:51

somewhere along the way, he met and

39:53

married an English woman named Sarah Andrews.

39:56

Their first child together, a son named Leandro,

39:58

was born in 18th grade. 1903.

40:01

He continued to have affairs with

40:03

other women after his marriage, including

40:05

writer and adventurer Lady Hester Lucy

40:07

Stanhope in a relationship that lasted

40:09

about a year. Ongoing

40:13

wars and Miranda's status as

40:15

a Spanish expatriate and also

40:17

that time in France meant

40:19

that he was not able to get permission

40:22

to leave England until 1805. He drew up

40:24

a will before

40:26

his departure, leaving much of

40:29

his property to his son

40:31

Leandro and specifying that his

40:33

personal papers related to his

40:35

revolutionary activity, which were extensive,

40:38

were to be returned to the city of his

40:40

birth at such time that it

40:42

was part of an independent nation. With

40:45

the help of Rufus King, he got passage

40:47

to New York. He also carried

40:49

a letter of credit for 800 pounds

40:51

sterling from a fictitious George Martin,

40:53

and once in the US, he

40:55

tried to get additional aid. As

40:58

he had done in his earlier time

41:00

in the US, he met a number

41:03

of high profile people, including physician Benjamin

41:05

Rush, who was impressed enough with him

41:07

that he wrote a letter of introduction

41:09

to Secretary of State James Madison. The

41:12

US kind of reluctant

41:14

to get into a big international

41:16

revolution situation, and a lot of

41:19

Americans were reluctant as well to

41:21

give Miranda any kind of visible support.

41:24

This was in part due to the Neutrality Act

41:26

of 1794. This law had roots in the French

41:31

Revolution and disputes between figures

41:33

like Thomas Jefferson and Alexander

41:36

Hamilton about whether to aid

41:38

the revolutionaries, as well

41:40

as the activities of French minister,

41:42

Edmund Charles Genet, who had tried

41:45

to support revolutionary efforts in France

41:47

from his position in the United

41:49

States. This act was

41:51

trying to cut down on people getting

41:53

involved in foreign wars under the Neutrality

41:56

Act. It was illegal for

41:58

US citizens to protect the country.

42:00

participate in a war against nations

42:02

that the US itself was

42:04

not at war with. So

42:06

Miranda used his personal library as collateral

42:09

to get a loan for $2,000. He

42:12

rallied a force of 200 men, boarded

42:14

a ship, and set sail from New

42:17

York to Venezuela in They

42:20

chartered two more ships in the Caribbean

42:22

and then continued on to Venezuela to

42:24

start a revolution. As

42:27

has come up at other points in

42:29

the episode, Miranda often was not very

42:31

discreet when he talked about his revolutionary

42:34

goals or really any other military thing

42:36

he was doing. So

42:38

the Spanish knew that he was coming. And

42:41

due to illnesses and deaths along the way, by

42:43

the time he got to Venezuela, he only had

42:45

about 150 men. In

42:48

April of 1806, they tried to

42:51

make landfall near Puerto Caballo, which

42:53

is on the coast north of

42:55

Valencia. And in the ensuing battle,

42:57

he lost two of his ships

43:00

and about 60 of his men. Miranda

43:03

and some of his officers fled. Others

43:06

were captured and imprisoned. 10

43:08

of his officers were sentenced to death

43:10

by hanging, and those who were executed

43:12

were then beheaded with their heads placed

43:15

on pikes. Many of

43:17

the rest who were captured were sentenced to prison terms

43:19

of between eight and 16 years. Miranda

43:23

went to Barbados, where he was able to

43:25

rally a somewhat larger fleet of 10 ships

43:27

and about 500 men. They

43:30

returned to Venezuela, this time landing north of

43:33

the city of Coro. While

43:35

they managed to take the city, they

43:37

weren't able to rally the support of

43:39

the local people and when they were

43:42

attacked by the militia, Miranda's force retreated.

43:45

Remember William Stephen Smith, who Miranda had

43:47

traveled with during his tour of Europe?

43:50

He was caught up in all of this,

43:52

including helping Miranda to raise funds for it.

43:55

And his son, William Steuben Smith, was one

43:57

of the men who had sailed from New

43:59

York with Miranda. After

44:01

this failed expedition, William Stephen Smith

44:03

was stripped of his position as

44:05

surveyor of customs for the Port

44:07

of New York and charged with

44:09

violating the Neutrality Act, but he

44:11

was ultimately acquitted. William

44:13

Steuben Smith was ultimately released and

44:16

returned home in 1807, although all

44:18

of this reportedly caused, quote, great

44:21

grief for his grandfather, John

44:23

Adams. Miranda left to

44:25

go back to England again in 1807, arriving on New Year's Day,

44:27

1808. After

44:32

returning home, he met his second son,

44:34

Francisco, who had been born while he

44:36

was away. His home

44:38

in London, this is already

44:40

the case before, but it

44:42

increasingly hosted people from Spanish

44:44

America who were dissatisfied with

44:47

Spain's colonial rule. For

44:49

a time, he also focused on

44:51

publishing a lot more material calling

44:53

for the liberation of South America,

44:56

including starting a pro-revolution journal called

44:58

The New Year's In Caracas, overthrew

45:01

the colonial government and proclaimed Venezuela

45:03

to be a republic. Within

45:05

weeks, word of this had reached Miranda in

45:08

London, and he started trying to make plans

45:10

to go and help with a revolution. In

45:13

July of that year, a party

45:15

of revolutionaries from Venezuela arrived in

45:18

London to seek support for their

45:20

efforts and try to get an

45:23

alliance with the king. One of

45:25

them was Simon Bolivar. Of

45:27

course, officials in London were in

45:30

a difficult position with this. England

45:32

and Spain were allied against France

45:34

at this point in the Napoleonic

45:37

Wars. But if France

45:39

were victorious in those wars,

45:41

it would probably start claiming

45:43

Spanish territory in the Americas

45:45

for itself. So independence

45:48

for Spanish America could mean that

45:50

that territory would not fall into

45:52

the hands of the French in

45:54

the case of a French victory.

45:56

At the same time though, encouraging

45:59

a revolution. in the Americas

46:01

at that moment would draw the ire

46:03

of Spain while Spain and

46:05

Britain were both engaged in fighting a common

46:08

enemy. So in the end,

46:10

the British took an official policy of

46:12

neutrality. And it also

46:14

seems like they took some steps to

46:16

just try to keep Francisco de Miranda

46:19

from meeting this Venezuelan delegation. That

46:21

didn't work out though. And Miranda met

46:24

with Bolivar to both talk about his

46:26

own ambitions for an independent Spanish America

46:29

and to suggest strategies for dealing with

46:31

British officials based on his many years

46:33

of experience with that. Miranda

46:35

also tried to secure passage and assistance

46:38

for them to get back to Venezuela,

46:40

making it clear that he intended to

46:42

go too, something British

46:44

authorities actively tried to prevent.

46:47

The Venezuelan delegation left England

46:49

in September, carrying volumes of

46:51

Miranda's papers with them. In

46:54

October of 1810, Miranda updated

46:57

his will again and he

46:59

and his secretary left for

47:01

Venezuela. When Miranda

47:04

arrived there, he got a generally

47:06

warm welcome. On December 21st, the

47:08

Caracas Gazette published an article that

47:10

called him, quote, a citizen of

47:13

Venezuela whom the deserved

47:15

distinctions and honors contributed by impartial

47:17

Europe to his merit had

47:20

not caused to forget his native

47:22

land. For those whose happiness he

47:24

has made very frequent and efficacious

47:27

attempt. I mean, it's also

47:29

Florida, who the hell knows what it means? Yeah,

47:31

I don't know what it actually said that it

47:33

sounded good. On July 1st, 1811, the Venezuelan National

47:35

Congress issued

47:38

the Declaration of the Rights of the People and

47:41

the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Society

47:43

and then declared its independence on July 5th.

47:47

But this was not met with immediate

47:49

or unanimous support. People had

47:51

seen what had happened after the monarchy

47:53

was abolished in France and there were

47:55

concerns that the same thing had happened

47:57

in Venezuela. There were also people who

47:59

were... dissatisfied that much of the

48:01

emphasis was on how Spain's attention

48:04

had been focused elsewhere due to

48:06

the Napoleonic Wars and not on

48:08

Spain's treatment of the colony for

48:10

centuries before that. Soon,

48:12

a counter-revolution was developing, with

48:15

royalist forces taking up arms

48:17

against the revolutionaries. In

48:19

March of 1812, a

48:21

massive earthquake struck Caracas and the

48:24

surrounding area. At least 10,000

48:27

people were killed in the capital alone.

48:30

Many clergy in the Catholic

48:32

Church were royalists and saw

48:34

this earthquake as divine punishment

48:36

for the revolution. Others

48:39

simply saw the royalists as more

48:41

likely to be the people who

48:43

would keep the country together in

48:45

the face of such a devastating

48:47

natural disaster. So large

48:49

numbers of revolutionaries started to

48:51

desert and join the royalist

48:53

side, and the royalists also

48:55

saw a flood of new

48:57

recruits. In April,

49:00

Miranda was appointed Generalissimo of the

49:02

remaining Venezuelan army, with full power

49:04

to take whatever steps he thought

49:06

necessary to save the nation and

49:09

its independence. In other words,

49:11

he was given dictatorial powers. Miranda's

49:14

diaries frame this situation as

49:16

temporary but necessary as a

49:18

step toward achieving the independent

49:20

Spanish America, something he'd

49:22

been talking about for literal decades. But

49:25

by this point, he was in his early sixties.

49:27

He had left Venezuela at the age of 21,

49:30

and aside from his ill-fated 1806 efforts,

49:33

had not been back in decades, and he had

49:35

lived in London longer than he had lived in

49:37

South America. He has been

49:40

characterized as out of touch and

49:42

as too stringent in how he disciplined

49:44

the men under his command, with some

49:46

of his decisions just causing unnecessary bloodshed.

49:50

In a manifesto that he issued

49:52

after he was given these dictatorial

49:54

powers, Miranda said he would be

49:56

fighting for liberty and independence, and

49:58

that the immense power of the United States he had been

50:01

given increased his responsibility

50:03

by the same proportion. He

50:06

tried to recruit more men into the

50:08

army to fight off the Royalists' advances,

50:10

and he wrote letters to all of

50:13

his contacts in England and the United

50:15

States to try to get some international

50:17

assistance. But in late

50:19

June, while the commanding officer was

50:22

away, a lieutenant at one of

50:24

the forts being held by the

50:26

revolutionaries released Royalist prisoners and sided

50:28

with them, raising the Spanish flag

50:30

over the fort. This

50:32

had a cascading effect, with more officers

50:34

at more forts doing the same. Some

50:38

of the freed Royalist soldiers attacked

50:40

Porto Caveo, which was being held

50:42

by Simone Bolivar, who had previously

50:44

asked Miranda for reinforcements and been

50:47

denied. Bolivar eventually

50:49

retreated, quote, abandoned by all the

50:51

world and followed only by eight

50:53

officers. After

50:55

all of this happened, Miranda concluded

50:58

that the only possible option was

51:00

to sign an armistice with the

51:02

Royalists, one that he

51:05

thought would avoid further bloodshed

51:07

with terms that specifically protected

51:09

the lives and property of

51:11

the revolutionaries. He

51:13

signed this armistice with Domingo de Monteverde,

51:15

the leader of the Royalist forces, on

51:17

July 25th, 1812. And

51:21

that date is marked as the end

51:23

of the First Republic of Venezuela. Many

51:26

of the revolutionaries deeply disagreed with this

51:28

course of action, which was

51:31

made worse by the fact that the Royalists

51:33

did not stick to those terms of protecting

51:35

the revolutionaries' lives and property. Miranda

51:38

started preparing to return to London, expecting

51:40

to live out the rest of his

51:42

days there, having failed in his lifelong

51:44

mission to free the Americas from Spain.

51:47

But some of his detractors considered his

51:49

signing of the armistice to be treasonous,

51:52

and they kept him from leaving, making

51:54

sure that he was instead taken into

51:56

Spanish custody. One of

51:58

those detractors was Simone Bolivar. Levar, who

52:00

later described Miranda as, quote, possessed

52:03

by ambition and violent passions who

52:05

either did not realize the risk

52:07

or who wished to sacrifice the

52:09

liberty of his native land. Miranda

52:12

was imprisoned in Puerto Rico for a

52:14

time before being sent to Cariz, Spain,

52:17

where he spent the rest of his life in

52:19

La Caraca prison. He tried

52:22

to negotiate his own release, arguing, among

52:24

other things, that the terms of that

52:26

armistice meant he should not have been

52:28

arrested in the first place. He

52:31

faced a series of chronic illnesses and health

52:33

issues toward the end of his life, and

52:36

in kind of a romantic coincidence,

52:39

he died on July 14th, 1816,

52:41

which is Bastille Day. He's

52:44

the only person known to have

52:46

fought in the American, French, and

52:48

Spanish-American revolutions. During

52:51

his lifetime, Miranda got a lot

52:53

of comparisons to Miguel de Cervantes'

52:55

fictional character Don Quixote, including by

52:57

both Napoleon and John Adams. Today,

53:00

he's sometimes called El Precursor

53:02

or the Great Precursor, because

53:05

while his efforts to liberate

53:07

Spanish-America were unsuccessful, they did

53:09

help set the stage for

53:11

later revolutions and eventually independence

53:13

for Venezuela and other former

53:15

Spanish colonies. Venezuelan

53:18

Independence Day is marked on July

53:20

5th, the day independence was declared

53:22

in 1811,

53:24

but Venezuela's war for independence did not end

53:26

until 1823. There

53:30

is a portrait of Francisco de

53:32

Miranda in Versailles in France, and

53:34

he's the only Hispanic-American person whose

53:37

name is inscribed in the Arc

53:39

de Triomphe. The tricolor

53:41

part of the Venezuelan flag is

53:43

patterned after Miranda's 1811 flag design,

53:45

and the flags of

53:48

Ecuador and Colombia both also

53:50

have similar bars of yellow,

53:52

blue, and red. Miranda's

53:55

exact burial place is not known

53:57

because his remains were moved to

53:59

a mountain. mass grave when La Caracas prison

54:02

was torn down. But there

54:04

is an empty tomb for him at

54:06

the National Pantheon of Venezuela with its

54:08

lid held slightly open for him by

54:10

an eagle. In

54:13

1981, a plaque to his wife,

54:15

Sarah Andrews, was unveiled by the

54:17

Venezuelan ambassador to the UK at

54:19

Market Wheaton, All Saints Church, which

54:21

is where she was baptized. She

54:23

lived until 1847. Both

54:25

of her sons with Francisco later

54:27

went to South America. Leandro, with

54:30

a letter of recommendation to Simone

54:32

Bolivar, written by Jeremy Bentham. Leandro

54:34

had a long career in military and foreign

54:36

service, and he died in 1886. His younger

54:39

brother, Francisco, seems

54:42

to have had his father's temper, but

54:44

not his charm, and he got into a

54:46

number of fights and at least one duel

54:49

before dying in combat in 1831 at the

54:51

very young age of Miranda

54:55

left an extensive diary

54:57

and personal library. I

55:00

have some curiosity about how

55:02

some of the volumes of that

55:04

library were retained in all of

55:06

his various needing to flee and

55:08

escape over the years. A

55:11

lot of this library was scattered after

55:13

his death, but the works in Greek

55:15

and Latin were given to the University

55:17

of Caracas. His diaries

55:20

were eventually digitized about a

55:22

hundred years after his death.

55:24

I'm serious, this collection of

55:26

diaries and personal papers is

55:29

huge. A total of 63 volumes,

55:32

totaling more than 9,000 documents

55:35

and more than 30,000 pages.

55:38

These were digitized by

55:40

the government of Venezuela in 2011. I find him

55:42

complicated and

55:47

fascinating. Ah, yes, indeed. Do

55:49

you have listener mail to take us out?

56:00

my wife listens to. She

56:02

discovered it on a long drive while searching

56:04

the list of podcasts on my phone. I

56:07

now save the podcasts for drives

56:09

with her. Your podcast on Gertrude

56:11

Jekyll spoke to our avid gardening

56:14

hearts, but it was the development

56:16

of cultivars that really struck home. On

56:18

our screen porch table sits two

56:21

plants that provide aromatherapy, a rosemary

56:23

plant for me and

56:25

a Munstead lavender for Pat. The

56:28

Gertrude Jekyll gardens at the Glebe House

56:30

are currently under renovation, but it's only

56:32

an hour away and we will visit

56:34

next spring. Thank you for another amazing

56:36

podcast. As a pet

56:38

tax, we offer a picture of one of

56:41

the many bunnies who frolic in our yard

56:43

in exchange for keeping our fenced vegetable gardens.

56:46

We employ feeding stations to keep

56:48

them happy and nearby. Look

56:51

closely, this bunny is tiny. Yours,

56:53

Bob and Pat. Thank you so

56:55

much, Bob and Pat. Bunnies.

56:57

Let me see if I can get the

56:59

bunny picture to download. Does

57:02

not want to download for me at this

57:04

specific moment, but I'm just gonna guess that

57:06

it is a teeny, teeny, cute bunny based

57:08

on the description. I

57:11

just love that somebody's got the

57:13

Munstead lavender at their home. I'm

57:16

sure lots of people do, but that made me happy.

57:20

I also think I forgot to mention in the

57:22

episode that there's gardens at the Glebe House, which

57:24

is the only remaining Gertrude Jekyll garden in

57:27

the United States. They are being renovated. And I

57:29

don't know how extensive that renovation

57:32

is, whether parts of the

57:34

gardens are still open with that renovation

57:36

going on or not. So if

57:38

you're in that area and you want to go

57:40

check it out, just check into that beforehand. If

57:44

you'd like to send us a note,

57:46

we're a history podcast at iheartradio.com. And

57:49

if you have not subscribed, maybe somebody just

57:51

downloaded this on a long drive for you

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and you've never heard it before, you can

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Medal of Honor is the highest military

59:00

decoration in the United States. Since

59:02

it was established in 1861, there have been 3,517 people

59:05

awarded with the medal. I'm

59:10

Malcolm Gladwell, and our new podcast

59:12

from Bushkin Industries and iHeartMedia is

59:15

about those heroes. What they

59:17

did, what it meant, and what

59:19

their stories tell us about the nature

59:21

of courage and sacrifice. Listen

59:24

to Medal of Honor Stories of Courage on

59:27

the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

59:29

or wherever you listen to podcasts.

59:33

In 2009, Maitrese Richardson was released from

59:36

the Malibu Lost Hills Sheriff Station, and

59:38

she never made it home. Nearly

59:41

a year later, Maitrese's remains were

59:43

found in a canyon, six miles

59:45

from the station. Her death is

59:47

Malibu's greatest unsolved mystery. I'm

59:50

Dana Goodyear in Lost Hills, Dark

59:52

Canyon. What happened to

59:54

Maitrese Richardson? Listen

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on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

59:59

to podcasts. wherever you listen to podcasts.

1:00:31

You can listen to But We Loved

1:00:33

on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or

1:00:36

wherever you get your podcasts. There's

1:00:41

something different about the conversations we have

1:00:43

late at night. They often spin off

1:00:45

in strange and wonderful directions. So what

1:00:47

if those laid-back conversations were with some

1:00:49

of the biggest musicians in the world?

1:00:51

Midnight Chats has already welcomed Taimin Parler,

1:00:54

Charlie XCX, Mark Ronson, Vince Staples and

1:00:56

many more. Join me, Stuart Stubbs, and

1:00:58

me, Greg Cochran, as we talk to our favorite

1:01:00

musicians about the things they don't normally talk about.

1:01:03

Listen to the new series of Midnight Chats

1:01:05

on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever

1:01:07

you get your favorite shows. The

1:01:28

Medal of Honor is the highest military

1:01:30

decoration in the United States. Since

1:01:33

it was established in 1861, there have been 3,517 people

1:01:35

awarded with the medal. I'm

1:01:41

Malcolm Gladwell, and our new podcast

1:01:43

from Bushkin Industries and iHeartMedia is

1:01:45

about those heroes. What they did,

1:01:48

what it meant, and what their stories

1:01:50

tell us about the nature of courage

1:01:53

and sacrifice. Listen to Medal of Honor,

1:01:55

Stories of Courage, on the

1:01:57

iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts. or

1:02:00

wherever you listen to podcasts.