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our world today and creating a

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Speaking, an Intel podcast on the iHeartRadio

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by AT&T. Connecting

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Learn more at howlifunfolds.com/Papertarium. Happy

2:12

Saturday. We just had

2:14

an episode on the history of

2:16

iodized salt and that has some

2:18

connections to our previous episode on

2:20

the invention of radioiodine therapy. So

2:23

that is today's Saturday classic. This

2:25

one originally came out on June

2:27

10th, 2019. So

2:29

enjoy. Welcome

2:33

to Stuff You Missed in History

2:35

Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello

2:43

and welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly

2:45

Fry. And I'm Tracy B. Wilson. Okay,

2:48

so true confession on this one. This

2:50

episode is inspired by one of my

2:53

cats. Yeah, but... But... Simultaneously

2:56

fascinating and a lot older than

2:58

I thought. Yes, it's

3:00

not about kitties or animals really at all,

3:02

although they are mentioned in terms of medical

3:05

testing, nothing particularly gruesome, but just FYI

3:08

if that's troublesome for you. It

3:11

is in fact about science because

3:13

my cat Ozil was hyperthyroid. And

3:15

so we opted to

3:17

have radioiodine therapy treatment

3:20

for him. And as my vet

3:22

was describing this to me and she's like, oh, it's

3:24

just like how they do it in humans, blah, blah,

3:26

blah. And I was like, I have never thought about

3:28

this before. Where did this all begin? So

3:32

it just got me wondering about the origins

3:34

of this treatment because it is

3:36

a very successful treatment and

3:38

it's one of those things that both

3:40

humans and animals seem to respond well

3:43

to, which just was fascinating to

3:45

me because as you know, I love a little bit

3:47

of science. So that is what we were talking about

3:49

today, the advent of

3:51

radioiodine therapy. So first, we're

3:53

gonna talk just a little bit about your

3:56

thyroid and how it works. Your thyroid is

3:58

a small organ that sits below your... larynx.

4:01

And in the most basic terms, its

4:03

job is to convert the iodine and

4:05

the food you eat into hormones that

4:07

regulate your metabolism. Thyroid cells are the

4:10

only ones in the human body that take

4:12

in iodine, but all of the other cells

4:14

in the body are affected by the work

4:16

that the thyroid does. So

4:18

the hormone known as thyroxine,

4:20

abbreviated as T4, and the

4:22

hormone triiodothyronine, known also as

4:24

T3, are vital to normal

4:26

metabolic function. But

4:29

the thyroid which makes those, again, out

4:31

of iodine, isn't out there just functioning

4:33

solo. It is regulated by the pituitary

4:35

gland, which is in turn regulated by

4:37

the hypothalamus. If your

4:39

thyroid isn't producing enough hormone,

4:42

that's called hypothyroidism. And

4:44

it doesn't present really obvious symptoms at

4:46

the beginning a lot of the time,

4:48

but it can lead to other problems,

4:50

including obesity and heart disease. Normally,

4:53

hypothyroidism is treated with synthetic

4:55

hormones to get the level

4:58

of thyroid function back up to normal.

5:00

And if your thyroid is producing too

5:02

much hormone, like my cats, that

5:05

is known as hypothyroidism. And

5:07

in this case, it sort of overclocks the

5:10

body's metabolic function. So in this

5:12

case, unintentional weight loss and rapid heart

5:14

rate and even irregular heartbeat are all

5:16

symptoms, which obviously can lead to some

5:18

pretty serious problems if they're left unchecked.

5:20

The advances in thyroid treatment that we're

5:22

going to talk about today took place

5:24

less than a hundred years ago, but

5:26

thyroid disease has been part of recorded

5:28

history, going all the way back to

5:30

2700 BCE, when

5:33

seaweed was prescribed in China

5:35

to treat goiter. The goiter

5:38

is a swelling of the thyroid that's

5:40

most commonly caused by low iodine. But

5:43

the thyroid itself wasn't even recognized and

5:45

illustrated until Leonardo da Vinci drew it

5:47

in 1500. The

5:50

name thyroid didn't exist until

5:52

1656 when Thomas

5:54

Wharton named it using a word for

5:56

shield because of the resemblance

5:58

in shapes to an- colleague

20:00

at Cornell. And he wrote of the patient

20:02

who was a woman who had been quite

20:04

ill and for whom surgery would have been

20:06

a highly dangerous prospect. He wrote

20:09

that she had a good outcome with

20:11

the I-131 treatment. So this treatment developed

20:13

through Hertz's work was indeed one

20:16

spreading to other clinics and being used

20:18

by other doctors and was saving people

20:20

from very high-risk surgeries. But

20:22

Hertz had the unfortunate timing of developing

20:24

this breakthrough treatment at the same time

20:26

that World War II was brewing. Sal

20:29

Hertz put aside his medical research temporarily

20:31

in 1943 and joined the Navy to

20:33

fight against Hitler's Nazi regime. But before

20:35

he shipped out, Hertz, who did not

20:38

want work in this new field to

20:40

be hampered by his absence, met with

20:42

a private practice doctor who worked part-time

20:44

at MGH, and that was

20:46

Dr. Earl M. Chapman. Chapman

20:49

had continued to make time for medical

20:51

research even while running his own practice,

20:53

and he was ineligible for military service.

20:56

So Hertz asked him if he would

20:58

keep working with Hertz's roster of thyroid

21:00

patients. And Chapman, probably flattered,

21:03

agreed and continued the work that Hertz

21:05

had begun. But when Sal Hertz returned

21:07

from the war, there were problems between

21:09

the two men. Chapman didn't want

21:12

to give up the project and give it

21:14

back to its originator after his two years

21:16

of involvement. And of course, Hertz wanted his

21:18

research project back, but he wasn't given his

21:20

old position at MGH. Instead,

21:22

he took a position at the Beth

21:24

Israel Hospital. Yeah, there are many stories

21:27

that are told among their colleagues about

21:30

the fights that broke out over this

21:32

issue. And then those

21:34

two former colleagues eventually found themselves

21:36

just each running their own trials.

21:39

And then they both wrote papers about

21:41

them. And Chapman actually finished his paper

21:43

first and submitted it to the Journal

21:45

of the American Medical Association for review

21:47

and publication. This kicked off some drama.

21:49

And we will get to that paper

21:51

and the rivalry between the two of

21:53

them and how that was stirred

21:55

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