0:24

everyone and welcome to the history of england episode

0:26

three hundred and fifty charles

0:28

his inheritance and and this

0:31

is exciting but i

0:33

feel a bit of a pause for reflection

0:35

is but desirable and necessary

0:37

at this point

0:39

the

0:39

the was there in the world that does not profit from

0:41

posing and reflecting and

0:44

as possibly or jimmy bond with donna how seconds

0:46

left side to love from sudden disruptions and

0:48

even then investing on offer the second of

0:50

those two and a half's in planning

0:53

would probably be time well spent wouldn't

0:56

but momentarily since the world

0:58

isn't an imminent danger destruction just

1:00

yet others it writing it is a nice

1:03

of august the last of said on politics

1:05

was released whoa hey back in the midst of

1:07

times when heroes roamed the earth

1:10

the eighth of me oh

1:12

keeping pace with me everything

1:14

you need a refresh the menu

1:16

if you are not of course you can basically your

1:19

eyes watery role at this point and

1:21

they may even

1:22

today

1:23

the with me

1:26

it is important to set proper expectations

1:28

i have found and today i'm born

1:30

use there's going to be a certain amount of state

1:33

of the nation kind of material probably

1:35

not a loss of food movement is

1:37

any that the understand where

1:39

you're getting you need to understand where you come

1:42

from i would argue weekly

1:44

of the blades but then i have found comfort to session

1:47

and stand in quite effectively when

1:49

reasoned argument sales the

1:52

price we reached back in may was

1:55

the death of jane sex and first in march

1:57

sixteen twenty five leaving buckingham

2:00

the charles sobbing inconsolably

2:02

over the last respectively of

2:04

friend and master and father

2:07

fucking m reigns supreme in the world

2:09

of politics and patreon alger and

2:12

there's no sign that will change with the arrival

2:14

of charles to appears really

2:16

bowled over with this charismatic elder brother

2:19

tight cigarettes though not

2:21

the loss of all sense of is our duty he

2:23

should be says he's capable of

2:25

saying no to him on occasion nine

2:29

has been constructed with france and

2:31

a marriage ceremony held in friends

2:34

with henrietta maria the sister

2:37

of live the thirteenth

2:39

the rear camera who was just fifteen is

2:41

expected anytime soon in

2:43

england she'll probably bring a few close

2:46

friends with her to boot say auto

2:48

a thousand or so

2:51

this reproach more with the phones

2:53

glove yeah

2:54

come about partly because they were the only

2:56

nation left standing who could pay dowry

2:59

worth the candle

3:00

the namely

3:02

the chosen james his previous policy

3:04

the spanish match address

3:07

and it had been

3:08

those needed friends to achieve

3:11

his most compelling foreign policy

3:13

objective to put his sister elizabeth

3:16

and hub frederick back

3:18

on their side of bohemia from whence

3:21

said been unceremoniously test

3:24

the holy roman emperor

3:27

those and even buckingham whereas

3:29

popular in sixteen twenty five

3:31

as they had been i'm

3:34

probably as popular

3:35

that went to spoil the story they

3:38

will ever be

3:40

because in switching to an anti

3:42

spanish policy they had felt

3:44

as subjects collective breasts the

3:47

joy they possibly

3:50

not for reasons entirely

3:52

contingent with buckingham and

3:54

spain's breasts

3:56

the subjects were much more focused on the

3:58

religious aspect

3:59

the toppings much in the

4:02

do a mistake considerations around elizabeth

4:04

in france and oh that's of thanks although they would

4:06

accept the kings right to be interested

4:09

in the might and reputation as nations

4:11

to write enough

4:14

in buckingham

4:15

i'd rather been enjoying sleeping on the wetsuits

4:18

of populism climbing aboard the soft

4:20

of politics and riding the wave of

4:22

people's approval that is my attempt to be

4:24

down with the kids in these assessing signs

4:26

how do i do

4:28

trump his father was more clear sighted

4:31

and he some and had worn them

4:33

both as they would live to regret that

4:35

populist bit of fun specifically

4:38

the use of impeachment to remove

4:40

buckingham's animals and

4:42

using popularity in parliament to agitate

4:45

against government policy there

4:47

was no was an early modern parliament was for

4:50

and they were going to be the government forces

4:52

anyway knowing my been i what parliament

4:54

is for now

4:55

it was categorically not back

4:58

then parliament was an occasional

5:00

meeting code by the monique to

5:02

connect and build consensus

5:04

together with his people

5:06

here and address their grievances and

5:08

ask for money if required it turns a crisis

5:11

nord pas policy

5:13

formation fat was the arcane

5:15

mystery and job of the king is

5:18

privy council and his caught

5:20

even if a king might ask parliament

5:22

for that use every now and again when

5:25

the mood took him it definitely

5:27

wasn't definitely wasn't right

5:30

or requirement

5:33

that's why we got to the period

5:35

we are entering is a brightly colored

5:37

unfriendly over so missed five year

5:39

period and sixteen twenty five sixteen

5:41

thirty as over scientist as

5:43

a victorian boot well

5:46

it's a particularly fascinating boots not just

5:48

because it's part with incident which is you know

5:51

normal to be honest but because

5:53

it's a band of out here we will start whistling

5:56

around looking for causes cause

5:59

of armageddon

6:01

that's going on

6:03

what hadn't kicked things off had is

6:05

already started did it start here

6:08

the specifically let's say you

6:10

and either there are three seems we

6:12

should cover in these ideas of in the maybe

6:14

oh things but three big thing first

6:18

know the various pathways

6:20

into which foreign policy lead

6:23

charles and the consequences

6:25

of same

6:26

then

6:28

the religious sentiment that emerges from the

6:30

start the rain so don't expect any great

6:32

pics of parliament or something is not ideal of reasons

6:34

as meant so much more class in that most

6:39

then there's , the constitutional

6:41

politics and parliament were in were

6:44

asked the hill of beans question

6:47

i'm say altering francs has quite

6:49

exciting that goes on but

6:51

do we constantly of the egg that particular

6:54

putting may once parliament is not sitting

6:56

any more people just go back to

6:58

that parishes get on with

7:00

things the nebula verbiage

7:02

it produces a lot hotter when it's

7:04

sitting those are what important

7:07

in thanks meme

7:09

are also by the way there is henrietta

7:11

maria to bring into the story sex

7:13

say our our themes for

7:15

the next he is alice club right

7:19

now have this point that i find myself

7:21

impaled on some homes

7:24

i'm imagining substance shaggy cattle who

7:26

raised its head to look at this walker

7:28

that is a pittance failed and course it by

7:31

accident name as intended but the homes

7:33

of the based sets call it the dynamics

7:35

are nonetheless uncomfortable so

7:37

what i want to do is introduce charles

7:39

properly and talk by what is like that

7:41

anything really done that specifically

7:43

the have we have i think it's entirely possible i

7:46

have forgotten i'm getting a bit like that

7:49

but talking about only successes and failures

7:51

and what made him take them all that does seem a

7:53

little like putting the cart before the horse

7:56

that is say he might be best to let his character

7:58

emerge

7:59

the clay of events

8:02

as we go along so what

8:04

i'll do trying square this particular

8:06

circle is to keep things minimum

8:08

for the moment i dropped by what we do

8:10

know is sixteen twenty five about charles

8:13

and then we can let the rest emerge

8:16

as we go on

8:17

the whole thing that has always occur to me

8:19

ever since i started taking an interest in these

8:21

sorts of things for some time ago

8:24

i should add he photos

8:26

the first is an unlikely villain

8:29

i mean i accept villains come in all shapes and sizes

8:31

you can always spot them or the bloody

8:34

severed body parts they carry

8:36

around in their lunch box but i mean surely

8:39

didn't come across as material for

8:41

a blood soaked tyrant the

8:44

will be very much a family man okay

8:47

he and henrietta morass struggle a bit early

8:49

doors as will here

8:51

but they both make a significant

8:53

recovery alfred dot you kick off an end up

8:55

with another case together and he doesn't

8:57

play unlike most kings the

9:00

guy who controlled and correct

9:03

to the point of fastidiousness in

9:05

his personal life so

9:07

we had a discussion a while back if you remember about

9:10

how the royal court was supposed to be this

9:12

model of moral behavior

9:14

and religious wrecked issues and set an

9:16

example to the nation and how

9:19

under james is loose wildly him for

9:21

one and sexually heterogeneous

9:23

leadership alex anything but

9:26

that to censor his country well

9:28

that changes on charles on

9:31

a personal level he divides up

9:33

his day into coffee spoons he has impressive

9:36

self control not famous snack

9:38

attack at midnight with an illegal ball conflicts

9:40

and amount of the milk and sugar he divided

9:43

estate to any rising the

9:46

exercises audiences

9:48

business eating and sleeping

9:51

the what is on his wine ladies and gents

9:53

he bought his down his wine he

9:57

expected a simply high level of propriety

9:59

these caught and generally got it the

10:02

swear innocent informality of his father's

10:04

day that was organ

10:06

and to a degree so

10:09

was the financial incontinence and

10:11

that's a big thing

10:13

and then he's a coach it's sort of chap i

10:15

mean one observer says this created distance

10:17

between monique and subject charles

10:20

is an informed and discerning collect

10:22

of odd in a way that was quite as

10:24

of the ordinary even for the elite

10:26

at that time he really sets a trend

10:29

that along with a chap called and me arundel

10:32

rather than that being a bad thing that he

10:34

creates this difference he does things differently

10:36

because you know he's a king season that

10:38

will people once is from the monique

10:42

especially a monarch they saw as semi

10:44

divine want him to be just

10:46

like the guy around the corner who's much kinda passing

10:48

wind during the past and some and i'm looking

10:50

around the rest of the congregation for approach the

10:53

i'm it's i cause it to you that you won

10:55

some magnificence decorum difference

10:57

finery suddenly

10:58

judas had gunning for that big time

11:01

from hundred a seventh onward and i seem to

11:03

work for them right enough

11:04

just to break

11:07

off this period where gang into seems

11:09

to present a couple of characters we find very

11:12

very difficult to evaluate both

11:14

charles of us on cromwell remain somehow the

11:16

beyond our grass for

11:18

example offering more it she's britain

11:20

in revolution i commend onto as a great

11:23

textbook they absolutely

11:25

family some relief

11:27

as one of things we can safely say that so

11:29

sadly humanist marcus

11:32

lansky come straight back to him with a couple of examples

11:34

of great charles the first gags

11:37

the need to be fair rip the

11:39

cause they ain't but that famous

11:41

line when arrested by corners choice

11:43

is surely not bad the one where joyce

11:45

comes to arrest him without being able to produce any

11:47

documentation average hasn't gotten

11:49

a document says it's and cells looks

11:52

at the grisly looking truth is around him and says

11:54

that

11:55

it instructions were in it

11:57

said characters and legible

11:59

without

12:01

that many national atop the music hall billing

12:03

but sunset shimmer i was

12:05

a pine disappointing is

12:07

something

12:08

anyone should ever give in to

12:11

they don't count as digression the

12:15

controlled and expect a

12:17

good decorous behavior from his caught

12:19

and co becomes a beacon of

12:21

culture and morality hello

12:24

to be fair it does remain alarmingly

12:26

religiously perlis stick which

12:28

he might pro now but which was not

12:30

a matter for applause seal seventeenth century

12:32

citizen of any religious persuasion

12:35

clarendon rate of an admittedly clarendon

12:38

or and would hide that is was something of a san

12:40

that he was of the most harmless

12:43

disposition and the most exemplify

12:46

piety the greatest example

12:48

of sobriety chastity

12:51

and mess seats that any prince

12:53

has been impute with oh

12:56

pretty baby maybe boss the venetian

12:58

ambassador have no such inclination and yet

13:00

he wrote am also that charles

13:03

there are signs of being temperate moderate

13:05

and of exchanging all the prodigality

13:07

of the past for order the

13:10

profit charles

13:12

was of course a scott born

13:14

in dumb some and castle and sixteen hundred

13:16

that he was in england from sixteen as three

13:18

to sixteen thirty three before going back

13:20

for land of his father's side anglicised

13:23

pretty thoroughly they would always be deeply

13:25

conscious of his dignity at king's college

13:28

and retain scottish counselors around him

13:30

and managed scottish affairs separately

13:33

to english

13:34

it had ricketts when he was young and

13:36

apparently was rather late to walk folks

13:38

among the stolen by monkey when a baby and

13:41

got into a scrap in the garden with a young cromwell

13:44

no to the last two

13:46

the way

13:47

he was five foot four and famously had

13:49

a stammer was didn't seem to make

13:51

him an intersect to speak us just

13:54

compensated by keeping it brief which

13:56

parliamentarianism as seem to rather

13:58

appreciate after and

13:59

during vast a rambling from

14:02

his predecessor and to be

14:04

sought to be fair that so they will expect

14:06

to suffer from his successor

14:09

as protector and must be said

14:12

that is people would expect he was deeply

14:14

religious the structure of

14:16

his religious police will be a bit

14:18

of a problem at traits which will come to in

14:21

it's proper our but it was no lack

14:23

of commitment to what he saw

14:25

as the tree church of england and

14:28

to personal piety

14:30

his relationship with his folks seems

14:32

also to be a matter of debate a relationship

14:35

with i'm a denmark described at once as

14:37

loveless and as on the other

14:39

hand as indulgence

14:41

then it will are in reminders of what parents

14:43

inevitably to their children one way or others

14:46

but exactly how they see that is

14:48

anyone's guess in this particular case

14:51

but it does seem to have taken james

14:53

is very high views on the extent of

14:56

royal of authority to house

14:59

i think is best for me to say this

15:01

early on that charles is also very

15:03

conscientious oddly in

15:06

terms of you post a business this is

15:08

very disputed another one west charles

15:11

the house and for example flats he describes

15:13

him as lazy snc the charles

15:15

would and out old as well enough but lacked the

15:17

attention to detail to drive it through to a conclusion

15:20

whereas austrian warrants rice

15:23

as he worked harder the business of government than his father

15:25

would ever have done that has none of this

15:27

tearing up and down find the king because you're too

15:29

busy hunting to do any work maybe

15:32

he should have been in receive one of those horrid aphorism

15:35

that business inflicts on us about booking

15:38

smarter robin and working

15:40

harder who knows

15:43

maybe too early to move on to

15:45

the duplicitous thing maybe

15:47

that's something that should emerge either way from

15:50

events but i feel moved to make some sort

15:52

of comment now those shows

15:54

none of that unattractive tendency to

15:56

blame someone else for his faults

15:59

and sailors

16:00

i mean you can argue sorry pass

16:02

a i think that this is partly

16:04

because he doesn't recognize his agreed

16:07

is errors the stand out more dramatically

16:09

than cromwell's was as such

16:12

but

16:13

it doesn't hide behind his ministers

16:15

the doesn't as easily throw them to

16:17

the wolves like our henry the eighth or

16:19

his daddy's

16:21

so for example when there's

16:23

a deal of ministry crashing and burning going

16:25

on off the holiday i love of

16:27

the olive ray for example he

16:29

takes it on the chin and he takes it on his

16:32

chin

16:33

the from up good and proper it

16:35

is a most attractive person

16:37

quality to take the blame

16:39

whether it's wise or not is

16:41

an entirely different matter maybe

16:43

the answer is in the one hundred and eighty

16:46

degrees difference between the king says

16:48

his cromwell thing in henry and

16:50

charles ali be inflexible

16:53

unwilling to compromise thing of course which

16:55

he is accused of because that is a

16:57

real pleasure whether he compromises

16:59

effectively on the right place is very

17:01

moot but he doesn't have various points

17:03

compromise such as when he

17:06

does to his undying personal

17:08

sense of shame throw stresses to

17:10

said wolves in extremists

17:14

so we will see what you think but

17:16

there is a line of argument i ask you at least

17:18

to keep in mind as we place our collective

17:20

foot on the first step of this pathway

17:23

there goes the charles may not

17:25

be our worst monique he

17:27

may just be almost unlucky ones

17:30

the contemporary william

17:32

loyally an astrologer and

17:34

as someone who can read the stars oversee an

17:36

expert wrote well

17:38

my part i do believe he was not

17:40

the worst but the most unfortunate

17:43

of kings

17:44

obviously not the worst doesn't

17:46

a great on the under ten report i that's

17:49

but another concern for he puts a bit more positively

17:51

than that wisdom and reason

17:53

we're not wanting and that noble king

17:55

fortune was that

17:58

fucking what i think we might he

18:00

said his point but his characteristics

18:05

what about to situation the problems

18:07

with which he have to deal the

18:09

hundred a poison tankard and that all he

18:11

had to do with touches divinely appointed

18:14

cherry lips to the rim to fall down dead from

18:16

poison already was he

18:18

quite safe to draw deeply on

18:20

the real ale of life hi

18:22

my searching a metaphor here be honest hi

18:26

my point out that i come to this from

18:28

a slightly different angle that i might

18:30

once have done i glory

18:32

of course in anglo centricity

18:35

and the very title of my podcasts

18:37

and determination to use the illegal phrase

18:40

english revolution which is enough alone consignments

18:43

the deepest torture chambers of history

18:45

hell it just so happens

18:48

that i also produce a history of scotland have

18:50

i mentioned that all you have to do is

18:52

pay a poultry membership

18:54

fees of chicken feed

18:57

and there's a history of scotland available t from

18:59

preset to sixteen hundred and sixty

19:01

go on fill up your boots five the

19:03

history of scotland dot co dot uk

19:06

or indeed the history of england dot

19:08

co dot uk anyway

19:10

the material point apart from that tawdry

19:12

pieces south advertisement is

19:15

that i had been through the walls of the three kingdoms

19:17

already and he would like

19:19

a book that brings over the complexity

19:22

of that very well and not lot of pages

19:24

than you might try another book and get a recommended just

19:26

nuts cause the walls of the three kingdoms

19:29

sixteen forced to to sixteen forty ninth

19:31

by one david scott

19:33

i can tell you the complexity

19:36

of dealing with three kingdoms warm

19:38

and a different in different ways is

19:41

absolutely mind bending i mean

19:43

you one thing here and that inevitably

19:45

means this thing over that will fall

19:47

either if you're in the singing business lauren

19:50

very least a job spec should include

19:53

the requirements of flexibility it's that

19:55

would make nadia comaneci look like a plank

19:57

having said that

20:00

to them take a step back

20:02

let's look at the state of the nation's

20:05

that probably does not

20:07

mean when we've done all

20:09

the looking and weighing at so the job

20:11

was on doable

20:15

third love developing new frameworks

20:17

and grand unifying series

20:20

guts not as i

20:22

can mean can sudden beliefs but because they can

20:24

produce interesting new insights different

20:26

ways of looking at the same and

20:30

after all rewriting history is literally

20:32

the job as a store and

20:35

so one of these else is

20:37

the idea of a general crisis of the seventeenth

20:39

century that afflicted all the major states of europe

20:41

and had common seems

20:43

and it's a five minute job to

20:45

toss up all the disasters that afflict

20:47

the french has by germans danish

20:49

spanish swedish

20:52

the eastern european states and and to during

20:54

the sentencing it's a difficult time

20:56

for everyone to be size which

20:59

is one of the things that make claire jackson's

21:01

book devil lance such lance food

21:04

the marketing blurb said book is all about

21:06

what are trains must continents with

21:08

service think the british isles british will

21:10

look into mira guys says he is worn

21:12

oh look in that mirror

21:15

notes planks that sort of hang

21:18

it is funded

21:20

the enemy general crisis that sort of vet

21:23

described the complexity of three kingdoms

21:26

changes bequest to bequest to ass doesn't

21:28

look as though it's in crisis is the

21:30

same of the rest of this podcast

21:32

it is worth reflecting spend a complex

21:35

is not particularly unique to the northern

21:37

archipelago nor the outcomes

21:40

any more any more bloody

21:42

there will be an or renders death

21:44

rate through the civil wars to say in ireland and

21:46

england but also scotland nasa

21:49

wales maybe spain

21:51

has all those problems on integration protecting

21:53

catalonia and the results are between

21:55

sixteen fourteen sixteen for fifty two

21:58

an enormous plex theocracies

22:01

regions with zero rise of self government

22:03

and the violent or people's the front

22:06

and revive the religious wars

22:08

an an erroneous millions of deaths

22:10

in germany as we have covered in the past

22:13

the complexity violence

22:15

sometimes the northern archipelago

22:18

had his own saver some of which famously

22:20

mr living with the changes

22:22

child is faced but not necessarily

22:25

exceptional know the outcomes

22:27

particularly bloody the

22:30

must be said he had some advantages

22:32

england and wales in particular was a

22:34

model of political unity

22:37

with a shed administer system

22:39

with almost none of the complexity of france and

22:41

spain was all their local institutions

22:44

and franchises dot com os

22:46

had swept those away the cover chat

22:48

such as they had remained from the chaos

22:51

of the normans it in place on the beauty of anglo saxon

22:53

england

22:54

never too late could add norman yeah jibe

22:56

and

22:58

there was none of the problems that the french monarchy had

23:00

with over mighty subjects the cheetahs

23:02

again a dealt with all of us

23:04

there were no the judicial m c it or magnate

23:06

rights as existed in france and scotland

23:09

incidentally

23:10

one of the wrinkles here is that the nobility

23:13

england tiny

23:16

that france

23:17

many landed is that would qualify as noble

23:20

in france or and in scotland where in england

23:22

merely communist without any therefore

23:26

special right they would gentry

23:28

an apple didn't even have the residual

23:30

rise of the elders old feudal nobility

23:34

not that in england those amount of

23:36

a bunch unlike in france where

23:38

inability were exempt from taxation

23:41

the english nobility pay taxes

23:43

that he said it was pretty good at using their

23:45

local and from the ducks the

23:48

human brain damage numbers which can be handy i'm

23:50

sure you day because people like numbers didn't hear

23:54

sounds and stats for you

23:56

they from pencil ready the

23:58

remember transcripts middle

24:00

of the history of england dot e cove

24:03

dot uk

24:05

dragging succeeds i say as our baseline

24:09

the population england wales about

24:11

four point seven five million les

24:14

peerage and england

24:16

barron's up to dukes we talking

24:18

here about one hundred and twenty families

24:21

the idea that this

24:23

lot wearing terrible financial heredity

24:25

show by the way it's a spouse ones by

24:27

lauren stone factory

24:30

been exploited

24:31

they're reading sign with all those groceries

24:33

or lambs

24:35

then the gentry for

24:38

themselves have various flavors from

24:41

the three hundred or say baronet families

24:43

of the top those who could afford to bind

24:45

to changes the some money making wheeze

24:48

to them about fifteen hundred knights than seven

24:51

to nine thousand esquire's

24:54

choirs had annual landed income

24:56

averaging around five hundred quid a year

24:58

an agricultural laborers

25:01

the point of comparison might generate

25:03

about ten pounds a year

25:06

most m p's came from all these

25:09

classes with just talked about in the house

25:11

of lords and thus commons as loads

25:13

vulnerability obviously commons for

25:15

the rest

25:16

and then star the tend to fourteen

25:18

thousand gentlemen which

25:21

is a poorly defined categories

25:23

mainly landed to though often with mercantile

25:26

or professional roots or still

25:28

just merchants a

25:30

gentleman and sent a woman as

25:32

a definition might not be totally described

25:34

reading jacobin england chino

25:37

you know what they look like

25:39

on the while they looked like walk

25:41

like smell like principle

25:44

and what about noise some point which

25:47

is one major root for entry

25:49

and maintenance the status of gent

25:53

i think i'm repeating old ground his to

25:55

degree but it's worth keeping fresh i suppose in worth

25:57

reminding you that despite

25:59

the great

25:59

and successive the gentry class financial

26:02

over the last century the great

26:04

sign of a nationwide split between

26:06

old and new gentry

26:09

there were four rises and compared

26:11

to friends society it's because these folks are

26:13

old commoners to relatively slowly

26:15

getting in and out in full falling off

26:17

and falling down a is relatively

26:20

easy there are leaders and join us still

26:22

could take a generational t for a husband

26:24

man's family for example to become

26:26

accepted as a gentleman

26:30

husband didn't belong to that middling

26:32

sort the slightly unsatisfactory

26:34

tense as small farmers and tenant farmers

26:37

craftsman shopkeepers and so on

26:39

and if i have also done relatively well

26:42

over the last hundred years they're probably not

26:44

far as inclined to the degree that they were

26:46

in society the netherlands but so

26:48

doing okay generally list right

26:50

now politically engaged and

26:52

aware especially in the larger towns

26:54

and london of course

26:57

i just funny story or as

26:59

you know the preceding century had no being

27:01

kind to the smaller tenant farmer and wage

27:03

labourer us who hit by rising prices

27:06

population increase and therefore

27:08

under employment maybe

27:11

the best that can be said although it's

27:13

a reasonably low bar satisfaction

27:16

rt things however

27:18

reluctantly and patronisingly paid

27:20

sometimes england and wales had a

27:22

more generous and structured provision of

27:24

poor less than any other year

27:26

and european country wants to did

27:29

dumped the ramshackle system

27:31

that monsters

27:33

and the economy had developed

27:35

enough sophistication and flexibility

27:38

that now disable know it that

27:40

would be no more salmons in england and wales

27:43

the last with and sixteen twenty three and

27:45

was very regional itself this

27:47

was not his i'm in scotland or france

27:52

one feather thing the england

27:55

wales was still was minnow

27:57

you're wise you're wise a chart so

27:59

sixteen hundred that i'll pop on the internet

28:02

again france is the gorilla

28:04

at eighteen at half million people spain

28:06

and portugal had about eleven million people italy

28:09

thirteen million germany fifteen million

28:12

before the thirty years war came along and decimated

28:14

it the netherlands i think is

28:16

more than as the uk about

28:19

three million nothing

28:20

they were about mid table

28:23

say from relegation use i frankly

28:25

useless and almost misleading

28:27

metaphor i

28:30

have spoken to long on that on

28:34

the state of the nation if

28:36

you have a general observations austrian

28:38

move which makes seem rather than ten

28:41

what is your mind you all of

28:43

the way england wales were governed through

28:46

a was a delightful system

28:48

as pawns shipped directly between crown

28:50

and localities local government at

28:52

the kings command the monarchical

28:54

republic of the terrorists

28:57

the gentry middling source

28:59

governed by parishes and regions

29:01

adding to cover this back in episodes two hundred

29:03

and eighty two and two hundred in a straight

29:06

as you want can find out more

29:08

the nights and the higher gentry

29:11

they ran the regional organizations

29:13

such as being local magistrates and mps

29:15

and interacted with agents of the center

29:17

in the form as a size judges and

29:20

generate tried to behave in line

29:22

with the orders that they were censored by central

29:24

government

29:25

lords left tenant managed local

29:27

militia and will often noble there

29:30

are lots a sub lieutenant amongst the gentry

29:33

that is in had enormous strengths it was

29:35

as cheap as chips to start it

29:38

built high levels of local engagement

29:40

in the business of governance and the feedback

29:42

mate mechanism between center and caught

29:46

the rules that major drawbacks if

29:48

you happen to be in the process of kings as

29:50

well

29:51

it requires very high

29:53

levels of consent for it's worth

29:56

quite difficult for a moment to just go off on

29:58

one and bully anyone into doing

29:59

you know there are that i've been same

30:02

awful okay say find me then

30:04

line after all you don't pay

30:06

me

30:07

that link ironically it helped keep

30:09

the mana pool with alfonso

30:12

developing alfonso nationwide system of royal and sandals

30:14

and sandals standing army to enforce the power

30:17

of the center of the regions with taxation

30:19

to boot during shows

30:22

no and

30:24

unless justification for developing taxation

30:27

thereby also elizabeth simply

30:29

dex the change she couldn't gain

30:31

sessile after or hadn't told her that she needed

30:33

to reform the antiquated taxation system

30:37

english mornings well as poor as church

30:40

mice plus

30:43

the big one they possessed no

30:45

big stick stand the velvet glove

30:48

the not the i insist

30:50

on the continent there was standing armies all over

30:52

the place now because they were kicking the but jesus out

30:55

of each other regularly and technology

30:57

being what it where it was a call

30:59

professional army was now the absolute entry

31:01

requirements to be involved in said kicking

31:03

without just being the kids

31:06

you cry of the english are coming the

31:08

english or comments would raise little more than a

31:10

giggle in the war council of europe

31:12

the english spoke with a soft

31:14

voice and carried a small twig

31:17

you know what i'm saying the possible

31:19

exception of the navy but

31:22

we have just seen a good example of the mighty expedition

31:24

as english arms under current man

31:27

sales which ended up simply dying

31:30

so

31:31

the english mana he was poor and have no

31:33

means of repressing that people are fighting

31:36

effective for a was a much

31:38

of the photo that

31:39

the current parliament

31:42

can we don't buy the other kingdom and ireland

31:45

and scotland i don't

31:47

want to overflow august pickler coast again

31:49

because i know he has spoken of it but

31:51

the super summary is it they're all

31:54

different the

31:56

population of on and around one point four

31:58

million and sixteen hundred

31:59

the past two point one and

32:02

sixteen forty one as

32:04

, discuss is due to

32:06

an extent divisible into gaelic

32:08

irish or old irish hold

32:10

english

32:11

the new english

32:12

the way the reformation

32:15

has thrown the cars up in the arrogance of these

32:17

simple divisions are not quite as useful

32:19

as they once were and that will

32:21

be feature of the irish result

32:23

say not as useful as whole

32:26

because there will be trouble ahead

32:28

i can promise that

32:30

the old english were less and less trusted

32:32

by the center with that persistent catholicism

32:35

and a growing concentration of power

32:37

that falls into the hands of the new english

32:39

of the pale and migration from

32:41

england eighteen eighty the old english

32:43

to the church in ireland

32:45

was proving most in effect of it

32:47

spreading the person word and became

32:49

effectively an organization concentrated

32:52

on supporting the pale rather than

32:54

evangelize in in the country me

32:56

model plantations in elsa and elsewhere us

32:59

at introduced a new element one hundred thousand

33:01

and english and scottish prostitutes the

33:03

displacement in ulster of money though

33:05

not all of the traditional families

33:08

there when you loyalties new alliance is possible

33:11

appearing and disappearing and shifting scotland

33:15

with the smallest population of about one

33:17

million was different again unlike

33:19

island his parliamentary institutions were

33:21

legally subservient to westminster in england

33:24

scotland was an entirely different

33:26

independent kingdom always had been

33:29

amazon conscious i'm proud of their three hundred

33:31

years unbroken succession under students

33:34

their institutions government and law were

33:36

entirely independent and different to

33:39

those of england however

33:41

they were protestant reformation

33:44

have followed very different lines to england

33:46

wales england boston us loudly

33:49

and noble inspired reservations

33:51

force through against the wish to the crown

33:54

through rebellion the

33:56

influence of reformers like john knox

33:58

and andrew melville and philosophy

33:59

like george me kevin andrews

34:02

an interesting dynamic the theory

34:04

of two kingdoms listen to of gold

34:06

and a king

34:07

the one was not to interposed

34:10

on the other and the one of

34:12

god was of course the greater

34:16

the idea and structure of a presbyterian

34:19

religious structure had sprung up encouraged

34:21

by the weak position of queen merits and the

34:23

long the minority of chains

34:27

the presbyterian structure mention management

34:29

to the church by local church elders

34:31

with the bishops are the marginalized or effect

34:33

it'd be removed from the picture

34:35

at one stage during changes minority

34:38

although the dyson system

34:40

remained in principle as part of the church

34:43

there were no bishops actually in place

34:46

so powerful became the idea of

34:48

two kingdoms that reformation historiography

34:50

kind of the reforms got his shirts had not had

34:52

buses and say this is completely untrue

34:55

it wasn't until the sixteen eight is that

34:57

presbyterians even decided bishops were

35:00

not compatible with the bible

35:02

the down through the bishops where the monarchs

35:05

agents and now according

35:07

to the radical person's the king had no

35:09

role in the management of the church that

35:11

slay with the annual general assembly

35:15

stalin however was far less

35:17

unified than england and wales even

35:20

in loan and scotland magnates held enormous

35:23

local power judicial power

35:25

through the control of courts have redditors

35:27

satirists and regal rise as

35:29

well as sir land ownership they're

35:32

the influence of the largely class was growing

35:34

state was still very much on the influence

35:36

of appears remember that while

35:38

the lads were in a sense equivalent to the english

35:41

gentry they were noble holding

35:43

their land directly from the

35:45

king know king money even

35:48

more significant though why the regional

35:50

differences between the loans and the

35:52

western isles and highlands

35:54

they might once have applied to the northern

35:56

ireland was as well but that's

35:59

loans lead

35:59

when the prices of a sexy make completing

36:02

his colonization and so that point

36:04

of difference were becoming far less

36:06

though not nothing the highlands

36:08

and western isles was something else

36:11

continue a half hour to dissent has

36:13

been made to integrate the highlands

36:15

into a combined scottish policy

36:18

based on the loans and model broadly

36:20

by the scottish crown and

36:22

changes has been created that eight

36:24

away of the galaxy plan based

36:27

laws and land ownership models chains

36:29

the fourth at partially introduce a contract

36:32

basis for landholding from the monique

36:34

for example stack and painted on

36:36

easily with this guy like nations have

36:39

a clan base land ownership in

36:41

the fifteenth century famously

36:44

power of the mcdonald's the

36:46

great lords of the isles at

36:48

being broken but tell

36:52

the him i kept resurfacing and

36:55

meanwhile one of the magnate set up

36:57

by the time to be that size and is

36:59

in the highlands and islands the combos with

37:01

so powerful they were rather mcdonald's

37:04

come

37:05

back to the campbells and to the north and

37:07

compass the goldens and justin

37:10

i do a one eyed others but it's important the

37:13

differences went deep into

37:15

the very basis of lordship and

37:17

society highland societies

37:19

were still managed through managed old run

37:21

rig arrangement by much of

37:23

the land was held and managed in common splicing

37:26

letter open field farming the

37:28

lowlands like england had been going

37:31

through the commercialization process of enclosure

37:33

and reduction in commons loan

37:36

and versions of the wildly notorious

37:38

later clearances in the highlands the

37:41

strongly held either the highlands remained

37:43

cast addicts truth is bit more complicated

37:46

essentially like island the prices

37:48

of evangelize asian didn't really happen

37:51

and so when the old says was removed

37:53

as exit a confused interregnum

37:56

when lot like the campbells were powerful

37:58

and protestant cover doesn't

37:59

read successful any

38:01

they were not it did not sometimes

38:04

catholic practice survived in some

38:06

cases weird hybrid appeared

38:09

in what was a vacuum effectively

38:12

the reason why evangelism did not take

38:14

place was that the loan and scots viewed

38:17

the gallic highlands with suspicion and

38:19

often fear he was physically

38:21

weird place that major roads and

38:23

difficult communications the

38:26

other own language of course at birth and the last

38:28

moment to speak it was james the fourth

38:30

so while the strength of the gonna

38:32

tradition in school history was still in noise

38:35

as a the roots and origin of the nation

38:37

there was a major space between

38:40

highland and lomond and language

38:42

culture religion and identity

38:45

where communism with a core part

38:48

of the early modern lowland gosh identity

38:51

and the highlands it wasn't

38:53

the scottish parliament even deposed that the

38:55

gallic language should be abolished

38:58

wiped out

38:59

during for six had tried setting up plantations

39:02

in the islands with loan and as it

39:04

was in given out then

39:06

then rather treated not policy and did

39:09

is not and instead but under

39:11

the statute of iona in sixty nine

39:13

he lay down in law that gallic nobleman should

39:15

have their elders taught in english

39:18

the failure of a consistent an

39:20

active policy of integration manager

39:22

in the sixteenth and seventeenth century the difference

39:24

is actually grew between highland

39:27

and lowland and the bard son

39:29

freely and the holes as

39:31

a dalit lords very often

39:33

this means actually said in the highlands

39:35

that way more interested in what's going on

39:37

next door them what's going on nationally

39:40

or internationally on only civil wars

39:42

the only interested in

39:45

giving the candles a bit

39:47

of a kicking

39:48

i should boil

39:50

all that down and try make it relevant states

39:53

festival regional magnates

39:55

were hugely powerful especially in the highlands

39:58

the most powerful and room or

40:00

in shaker with a calvinist

40:02

campbell elves of argyle

40:04

as close as the highlands and islands came

40:07

to replacing the mcdonald loads of the

40:09

aisles and that will make me very

40:11

unpopular person that way to look by

40:14

the way they had to use up to mcdonalds

40:16

power i was widely

40:19

and deeply and furiously hated

40:21

that would be a reckoning ladies and

40:24

gentlemen meanwhile the golden

40:26

hours of huntley around aberdeen

40:28

in the northeast were also very powerful

40:31

as the monarchs identified replace them to

40:33

the mcdonalds in the northern highlands and

40:35

they were fiercely catholic

40:38

finally links between ganic scotland

40:40

and gaelic island were very close

40:43

sony hop skip and jump after all between

40:45

the two says that and

40:48

that will be relevant in what follows there

40:51

are summarized the unity of scotland is intimately

40:53

tied up with the stewart monarchy to

40:56

a degree wildly an excess of

40:58

england and indeed the same applies to

41:00

ireland costs loyalties the monique

41:02

was the most powerful unifying

41:04

sing there was

41:06

other potentially unifying

41:08

institutions like laurel parliament a little

41:10

veneration to compare with that the

41:12

church had a similar hold in

41:14

scotland and indeed ireland but

41:17

only in the loans of scotland whereas

41:19

in england common law was revered

41:22

parliament was widely identified more

41:24

more with the defense of the rights and identity

41:27

of the ordinary people even in opposition

41:29

to the monarchy

41:31

though there is something of a mix of got three

41:33

kingdoms on indeed connections across

41:35

them religion wise it's bit of the next

41:38

to just the state the obvious if you try to impose

41:40

a study style calvinist religion in ireland

41:42

salvation he

41:44

tried to pick up bishops in scotland

41:46

saudi if

41:49

you suggest that catholicism had a good bits

41:51

we should really revive in england they will be greece

41:53

so sensitivity required

41:55

or times

41:56

ireland has it's own proud

41:59

ruling elite current an entirely different

42:01

country with his own form of governance the king

42:03

is the only common saying to both eight

42:06

and and and a while

42:08

my head explodes just thinking that it's

42:10

behavior big question is this

42:12

therefore just a train smash

42:14

waiting to happen and

42:16

will know the answer is no no

42:19

one said being a king was easy on the eat a

42:21

bowl of cherries but in know the kingdom's

42:23

was that much sign of rebellion when

42:25

charles caped the throne the an

42:27

island of ireland so the nine years war or

42:30

been brought to a conclusion and despite the resentment

42:32

you had absolutely assumes would be boiling

42:34

away from the plantations and those

42:37

texans are involved

42:39

no my side of it

42:42

part of the reason for this was the foot

42:44

was off the pedal of catholic persecution

42:47

from the state and practice catholics

42:49

pursued their religion in relative openness

42:51

the great some is employed priests who carried

42:53

out services and communities evangelizing

42:56

from person's was little to be seen

42:59

the old english in gaelic lord

43:01

the made that peace with the crown dominated

43:03

local politics and even the slowly expanding

43:06

english and stations of shy as courts and

43:08

j p

43:09

good

43:10

i'm ignoring of basic equities

43:13

was no great basis and national unity

43:15

for the long term but those apparently

43:17

no burning platform as point in time

43:21

in scotland james had proved a

43:23

highly effective ruler he

43:25

managed parliament's superbly he

43:27

had a ton for servicing a relationship with

43:29

his peerage based on a deep respect

43:31

say he held for the institutions

43:34

and traditions of nobility himself

43:36

he filled all of a composed to the

43:38

bishoprics and reestablish

43:40

monarchy at the heart of church governance

43:43

building on an alliance with moderate ministers

43:45

he regarded the monarchs traditional role especially

43:48

reasonable and he bonus the

43:50

radical andrew melville to the continent

43:53

he made a misstep with the five articles

43:55

of purse was tried to impose

43:57

practices like kneeling for communion which

43:59

and right to galvanise heartlands

44:02

the no matter skyn the bishops com

44:04

of like those articles ride didn't

44:06

implement them provisions for i

44:08

hardly at all

44:10

james had managed to rule scotland

44:12

extremely effectively from a distance when

44:14

he went on to england charles

44:16

, scottish advises around him like the isle

44:18

of migrants the marcus's hamilton

44:21

to provide advice is pretty

44:23

cancer

44:24

in england as we say despite it is phrased

44:27

parliament james's , had

44:29

any don't something of a high with his last parliament

44:31

especially since spanish match had become

44:33

the spanish nach nach

44:36

is james had created a maintained a castle

44:38

balance in the church separatists

44:40

spring training trainee squeaky

44:43

voiced minority the calvinist

44:45

bishops laws the ruled the roost

44:48

an elizabethan settlement seemed as secure

44:50

as ever despite the appeals

44:52

of on many isn't

44:54

suddenly easy but all

44:57

that was requires or what was required

44:59

weldon over that was your card was a deal

45:01

of statesmanship flexibility

45:03

and balance the kind of thing that

45:05

the leash and apparently celtic james had

45:08

managed really rather well including

45:11

the ability to shelve pet projects

45:13

like amalgamation three kingdoms into

45:15

one policy under the same law and religion

45:17

can calling it great britain

45:19

such as james had wanted to do

45:22

the just like drop

45:25

and anyway what were the chances

45:27

of all three kingdoms cutting out ruff

45:29

at exactly the same time anyway and

45:31

as long as control was maintained to at to at

45:33

that sites the monarch would have the resources

45:36

to ride out any trouble you thing

45:38

the king was a cause the linchpin to or this

45:41

has gotta be said so let's

45:43

see how towels gets on shelley

45:46

next week there we go

45:48

then thank you very much for listen everyone

45:50

and it's pretty nice you back on the hamster wheel

45:52

of chronology star has seen a few reviews

45:55

recently on apple podcasts and i

45:57

tunes and i want to say thank you very

45:59

much the lovely things that people say

46:01

i really do appreciate it it makes a

46:03

massive difference to joy to get

46:06

emails from it's and all the comments that

46:08

pop up on the website a great except

46:10

that bumps in the principal the money so to give away

46:13

which i never received when i send my small

46:15

check unaccountably at

46:17

, my mouth thank you very much much

46:20

than everyone greatly