0:00

As we draw closer to June tenth. On June

0:02

nineteenth, the anniversary of the day

0:04

when enslaved people in Texas were

0:06

emancipated two and a half years

0:09

after the Emancipation Proclamation was

0:11

signed, we offer a remarkable

0:13

story of the black residents of a small

0:15

town in Florida who fought for their right

0:18

to vote a century ago. This

0:20

three part limited series is brought to you by

0:22

Procter and Gamble. Procter and Gamble

0:25

believes that words alone won't create

0:27

change, but stories do seek

0:30

share and expect the whole truth of

0:32

black life. Widen the screen

0:35

to widen our view. They

0:50

said that you lack parish

0:53

house was burned.

0:55

I sure it were. This

0:57

oral history was recorded a few years

0:59

ago with the late Mildred Board.

1:02

We're hearing a courtesy of the Orange County

1:04

Regional History Center. As a little

1:06

girl, Mrs Board lived a few miles from

1:08

a Koe, Florida. The morning

1:10

after election Day nineteen hundreds

1:13

of black families fled the town. She

1:15

remembered. One woman in particular talked

1:18

about how they got on the railroad

1:21

track and

1:23

walked the railroad track. They

1:26

walked so far and then maybe they

1:28

had a truck, haws

1:30

and blugget, and they would pick

1:33

them up along the railroad track and

1:35

bring them here. Almost

1:37

every surviving black resident

1:40

fled a Koe after a night of horrifying

1:42

attacks by white vigilantes. Their

1:45

homes and churches were set on fire.

1:47

A leader of the community, July Perry,

1:50

was lynched. Other neighbors

1:52

were shot. Estimates of the number of

1:54

black people murdered that night range

1:56

from four to sixty.

1:59

The reason for them Assaca Koe's

2:02

black residents had attempted

2:04

to vote.

2:14

I'm Eugenus Robinson. You're listening

2:16

to the election day massacre from

2:19

Ozzie Media.

2:34

Coe was a national and international

2:36

story. And if you

2:38

look at any newspaper in n

2:41

around election Day, you can't

2:44

miss a Coe. Historian Paul

2:46

Ortiz the University of Florida,

2:48

the stories in the New York Times, is in the Chicago

2:51

tribunits, in the European press, it's

2:53

an the Latin American press. U it's an international

2:56

story. In other words, newspapers

2:58

called it the Coe horror. But

3:01

Florida's election day violence wasn't

3:03

limited to a Koe, So there

3:05

was a statewide reactionary movement against

3:08

the black struggle to regain right to vote,

3:12

and there was violence all over the state. Um,

3:14

there were gun battles, you know, their

3:16

assassinations. As

3:19

far as I can tell in my

3:21

research, the worst violence,

3:24

the most sustained anti black violence,

3:26

you know, appear to happen in a Choe. They

3:30

call for able bodied ex servicemen

3:32

to come and create a perimeter around a koee. Pamela

3:35

Schwartz, chief curator of the Orange County

3:37

Regional History Center, put together an

3:39

exhibition on the Echoe massacre. Now

3:42

they say that's to lock down the

3:44

crime scene, but it also means black

3:46

families can't go find their

3:49

loved ones, get to their possessions.

3:51

See what's going on. The a

3:53

CP sent in an investigator,

3:55

Walter Francis White, later president

3:57

of the organization, when

4:00

he traveled the US investigating lynchings

4:02

and other acts of violence against Black

4:04

Americans. At the time that

4:06

I visited O'koe, the last

4:08

colored family of Ocoe was leaving with

4:10

their good It's piled high on a motor truck

4:13

with six colored children on top. White

4:16

children stood around in g The Negroes

4:18

who were leaving threatened them with burned

4:20

if they did not hurry up and get away. These

4:23

children thought it a huge joke that some Negroes

4:25

had been burned alive. Walter

4:28

White comes down. Uh, he's

4:30

a very light skinned black man. He

4:32

can pass for white. Uh. He

4:35

uses the subject usure being a white

4:37

man interested in buying orange grows in

4:40

western Orange County. And he starts talking to white

4:42

people about the mask, and they

4:44

tell him all sorts of details that I

4:47

personally killed or I know how many Negroes

4:49

were killed. And he finds that white

4:51

people are very proud about what they

4:53

did on election day. One man

4:56

told him I shot seventeen

4:59

Negroes. He shot

5:01

seventeen himself when he was bragging

5:03

about it. Pamela Grady isn't

5:05

a COOEE resident and the executive director

5:07

of the July Perry Foundation. There

5:09

was an article in a newspaper that

5:12

said, We're gonna have a banquet for everyone

5:14

who came, and we want we want to reward you.

5:16

The one is shot the most Negroes,

5:19

the one is shot the most is going to get

5:21

a reward. The reason that Koe

5:23

Horror made headlines is not that dozens

5:26

of black people were murdered and hundreds

5:28

of black families were made homeless. It

5:30

was because two white members of the mob

5:32

that Lynch July Perry were killed during

5:34

a shootout. There was the Corners

5:37

in quest, which happens November three and four,

5:40

and what is found is no

5:43

unknown parties killed the white individuals.

5:45

Unknown parties killed July Perry,

5:47

which was a common report leading

5:49

at dimensions. We had a black victim

5:52

who was in police custody, and

5:54

all ways the result was killed

5:56

that persons unknown. Marvin

5:58

Dunn is the author of a History

6:01

of Florida through Black Eyes.

6:04

When those white men took to lay from

6:06

that jail, those jailers knew

6:08

every man who was in that group. Oh,

6:11

Cooy was a verse ball town. Everybody knew

6:13

everybody else. Prosecutors called

6:15

a grand jury. In Orange County, there

6:17

was always a grand jury convened. There

6:21

was always a grand jury convened. And

6:23

who were the members of the grand jury. They

6:27

would have been all white men. So

6:30

the convening of the grand jury meant nothing. Historian

6:33

Paul Ortiz, people will say,

6:35

well, according to this testimony,

6:38

July Perry did this with a loaded

6:40

weapon, you know, and and

6:42

did that in this I say,

6:45

excuse me, whose testimony

6:47

and number one is a testimonies hearsay

6:50

who's hearsay? Are you? Are

6:52

you? Depending upon were they white? Oh

6:56

yes, well

6:59

come on now, come

7:01

please. One of the biggest mysteries

7:03

is that a grand jury was conducted and

7:06

there was some thirteen or fourteen witnesses,

7:08

only one black man thirteen

7:10

or fourteen witnesses, and that's

7:13

missing. It's not in anybody's

7:15

files anywhere. So there's

7:18

a lot of things, a lot of records that should

7:20

have been kept that weren't. The grand

7:22

jury found quote no evidence

7:25

against any one or group of individuals

7:27

as to who perpetrated the fatalities.

7:30

Again, I want us to be cautious about

7:33

relying on the words of

7:37

white leaders, be

7:40

they in the Chamber of Commerce or political

7:43

officials or whatever, because they have a

7:45

vested interest in jerrymandering

7:48

the story to make it appear

7:50

as if July period is this crazy negro

7:53

and that's how they that's how they referred to him.

7:55

Things would have been fine if it wasn't for

7:57

this crazy negro. The

8:00

and jury did exonerate the only people

8:02

who were imprisoned after election day,

8:04

July Perry's wife and daughter,

8:07

Estelle and Caretha Walter

8:13

White concluded that more than thirty

8:15

black residents of Okoe were murdered

8:17

on election day. Other estimates

8:19

put that number as high as sixty.

8:22

The n Double A CP sent White's damning

8:25

report to Congress. When the CP

8:27

goes before the House Census Committee, when

8:30

Congress convenes in you

8:32

know, Florida is case

8:34

number one. Walter White had

8:37

gathered affidavits, statistics,

8:39

photographs, and witness testimony.

8:41

And so the Double AC Preventment

8:44

presents all this amazing evidence before

8:46

the Census Committee about

8:49

fraud and corruption and anti

8:51

black violence, including a COE. This

8:54

is not merely a question of the Negro by

8:56

any means. James Weldon

8:58

Johnson Double a c p's executive

9:00

secretary was a Floridian born in

9:03

Jacksonville. He too, would one

9:05

day be president of the A c P. He

9:08

was an attorney and also the poet who

9:10

wrote the lyrics to Lift of Your Voice and Sing.

9:13

He told the committee that the suppression of black

9:15

voters in the South undermine democracy

9:18

across the entire nation. It

9:20

is a question of Republican government and

9:23

the fundamentals of American democracy.

9:25

It is a question which is either going to come to this

9:27

Congress or to some other Congress in the

9:29

future, and with increasing force every

9:32

time it comes up. And it seems

9:34

to me it is better to pass on the question fairly

9:36

and squarely and justly today

9:39

and not wait until some unknown tomorrow.

9:44

But wait is exactly what Congress

9:46

did. Northern Congressman or and then

9:48

the committee, They're like, well, I mean I don't support

9:51

negro suffrage. Do you talking

9:53

to their colleague? You know, Negroes

9:56

don't go where I where I am. Why

9:58

should they have to do that? In Florida, we

10:00

wouldn't put up with that. The Bureau

10:02

of Investigation later named

10:04

the FBI, launched an inquiry

10:06

into Koe, but it was limited.

10:09

Was the state local governments

10:12

suppressing black voters. That is

10:14

what the thing is about. Not

10:17

about murder, not about terror, not

10:20

about our sin. It is about election

10:22

fraud. The Bureau of Investigation

10:25

found that there was quote no attempt

10:27

to intimidate any Negroes in the casting

10:29

of their ballots, and that there was no

10:32

interference with the voting of qualified

10:34

Negroes. Walter White is not

10:36

able as much research and work as he does, and

10:38

he puts his own life on the line time and again

10:40

in Central Florida to try to bring visibility

10:43

to these um these stories

10:46

and these these events, and ultimately

10:50

really doesn't get much of anywhere with them.

10:52

I mean, basically, you know, white supremacy gets

10:54

another four decades um

10:56

of life. That's really the

10:58

most important, you know, kind of an outcome. H

11:01

Politically speaking, it's believed

11:04

that not a single black citizen of Orange

11:06

County voted for nearly two

11:09

decades after the massacre, and

11:11

not a single white person was ever

11:13

charged with the crime. Nobody's

11:16

ever held responsible in any way,

11:18

shape or form for what happens out of Coe. This

11:37

three part limited series is brought to you by

11:39

Procter and Gamble. Procter and

11:41

Gamble believes that words alone won't

11:43

create change, but stories

11:45

do seek share and

11:47

expect the whole truth of black life

11:50

widen the screen to widen our view.

11:55

Black residents continued to flee Akoe

11:57

in the months and years that followed

12:00

the massacre. July Perry's brother

12:02

in law. A year later. They find

12:04

him the next day, beaten with an announce

12:06

of his life, stripped painted red and white

12:08

stripe, with a bag overs head tied to a pole.

12:11

He survives. He says

12:13

that the aggressors told him

12:16

he had been talking a little bit too much about

12:18

what had happened at a Koe Last November,

12:22

Cents is listed two hundred and fifty five

12:24

black residents of a Koe by

12:28

there were only two, both

12:31

house servants. A lot of total

12:34

loss of poppets because it didn't they went there to bet

12:36

on taxes. Historian Marvin

12:38

Dunn so a lot of the gloves

12:40

that were on that Blacks were taken over in

12:42

that way. Within two weeks of

12:44

the election day massacre, there

12:46

are advertisements in Orlando and Miami

12:49

newspapers orange

12:51

groves for sale in a Koe,

12:53

including July Perry's.

12:56

It says, beautiful little groves

12:58

of the negroes who just fled a cop That's

13:00

what I said in the newspaper, Beautiful

13:02

little groves of the negroes who just fled

13:05

a Koe. That was supposed

13:07

to be attractive to people. The ad

13:09

was placed by Blueford Sims,

13:12

one of the founders of the town of a Koe.

13:15

He was appointed by a local court to

13:17

execute the estate of July Perry.

13:20

A Black of Koe resident, Mrs J.

13:23

H. Hammelur wrote to a friend

13:25

a few weeks later, the

13:27

people in the south of town are being threatened

13:29

that they must sell out and leave or

13:32

they will be shot and burned as the others

13:34

have been. It

13:36

seems to have been a prearranged affair

13:40

to kill and drive the colored people from

13:42

their homes, as they were more prosperous

13:44

than the white folks. So

13:46

they are hoping to get their homes for nothing,

13:49

nak it on. The conditions were often an underlying

13:52

tractor in race riots. I

13:54

don't know of a race riot that took place

13:56

in a poor black area during

13:59

this period. Before nineteen

14:01

twenty, the black community and a KOE

14:03

was thriving. July Perry

14:05

and his friend Mose Norman, who had tried to

14:08

vote an election day, were prosperous

14:10

citizens, and there were jealous is

14:12

among lights about about

14:14

some of that, and particularly how Perry

14:17

and most Normans showed their

14:19

wealth as con Carsville land

14:21

at nice homes, and that really

14:23

led some white and cooee. Leading

14:25

up to this event, the exhibition

14:28

at the Orange County Regional History Center

14:31

mapped the growth of black land ownership

14:33

around the KOE and then

14:35

it's disappearance. So you see

14:37

this thirty years slow rise and prosperity.

14:40

Then as you scroll away from November, you

14:44

come up to nineteen thirty. By

14:47

all the properties have gone back to white ownership.

14:50

So thirty years you see this like popping up

14:52

prosperity, and then in just six years

14:54

it's wiped out. Many Black

14:56

of Koe residents, including the Perry

14:59

family, tried years to get

15:01

their property back. The Perrys

15:03

discovered that the deed had been restricted

15:07

no black person could buy the land

15:11

in Stella and Karifa

15:13

and family sue said,

15:15

well, they asked the courts. They say, we need an

15:17

accounting of what happened here, like

15:19

where is the money. It's it's been four

15:22

years at the end when

15:24

all is said and done. Twelve years later,

15:27

twelve years later, two

15:31

the seven or so descendants of July Perry

15:33

received one hundred and roughly a hundred

15:36

and twenty six dollars each for

15:38

over thirty acres of land, all

15:40

of their personal property and the death of their

15:42

patriarch. That

15:45

twelve years they fight to get a

15:47

hundred and twenty six dollars each, and

15:50

the properties that changed hands weren't

15:52

scrub land of gravel patches, their

15:55

orange groves and farming lands and lakeside

15:57

property just a dozen miles

15:59

from the spot where decades

16:02

later a new resort would

16:04

stand Disney

16:06

World. All of the land

16:08

that had been owned by black landowners

16:11

at the time of the massacre, that

16:13

was taken over the next six to seven years.

16:15

It wasn't immediate, like the story has always gone, but over

16:17

the next six years is worth well

16:19

over nine million dollars today.

16:22

And to tell a descendant who

16:24

should have inherited those lands, could have inherited

16:27

those lands, that that's they

16:29

could have been millionaires is a

16:31

really, really difficult

16:33

thing. What these massacres and

16:36

and and programs are all about is

16:38

that the attempt among white

16:42

business supremacy to roll

16:44

back black economic

16:47

social political games. It's

16:50

redistribution of black

16:53

wealth into white hands, is really

16:55

what happens. And this

16:57

is what makes a coe um

17:00

almost a mundane story,

17:02

because it's happening everywhere. One

17:04

of the most disturbing aspects of the Echoe

17:07

massacre is that it was not an

17:09

isolated event. In

17:11

the next few years, a cooee became

17:13

a template for horrendous violence.

17:16

Other white communities terrorized their

17:18

black neighbors and then stole their properties

17:21

again and again. We know

17:24

that there continues to be violence

17:26

and antype like lynching in adjacent

17:29

counties, kind of secondary

17:32

effects of the Echoi massacre. There's

17:35

a notorious lynching case

17:37

in Cassim three which

17:39

which we think is connected to to the Echoe

17:41

massacre in some ways. And it

17:44

happens in Tulsa, happens in the St.

17:46

Louis, it happens in Chicago, happens

17:48

along the Texas. It later it happens

17:50

in Rosewood. And that's another

17:53

theme which ties a Coe to

17:55

today, this question of you

17:57

know where did that black land go? You

17:59

know, any cases black people were driven out

18:01

by terror tactics, the terror

18:04

continues and continues and continues

18:06

until it drives the black community out.

18:09

For a half of a century, from

18:12

up until around nineteen seventy six,

18:15

there are no documented that

18:17

we were aware of black individuals living

18:19

and residing in Kobe.

18:22

You know where did everybody go? Pamela

18:25

Greedy And then you look for the families and the histories,

18:27

and you try to find where they are today and you can't

18:29

find people. You can't find it. I'm I'm still

18:31

doing research. You can't find them. They just

18:34

lost and gone. Marvin Dunn,

18:36

author of a history of Florida through

18:38

Black Eyes. It was buried,

18:41

It was not talked about. It was not in the newspapers

18:43

after the event was over. It was certainly not in

18:45

textbooks. So, like many of the

18:48

race wise in massacres in the South and

18:50

in Florida, once the events left

18:52

the front page of the newspapers, uh

18:55

they were there, people didn't talk about them.

18:57

We know that there

19:00

was an ongoing attempt to cover up this event,

19:02

to quiet this event, to get people to

19:04

stop talking about what had happened. Because

19:06

what happens when people talk the

19:09

truth, the facts start to come out and

19:11

become known. For

19:15

decades, black folks in central Florida

19:17

knew that something very bad had happened

19:19

in the Kowe, not just

19:21

that it was a sundown town where they were not

19:24

welcome after dark, but that

19:26

there were other grave reasons to stay

19:28

away. Then descendants

19:31

of the victims began trying to learn more

19:33

about the terrible stories handed down

19:35

in their families. Students

19:38

did research. Over the decades,

19:40

groups of Orange County residents investigated

19:43

the rumors and conducted oral

19:45

histories. Today's

19:47

event will not be possible without

19:50

the decades of community work

19:52

by such grassroots groups

19:54

as a Democracy Reform and

19:56

the West Orange Reconciliation

19:59

Task Force, which began to excavate

20:03

the history in nineteen

20:05

ninety seven. The Democracy Forum,

20:08

the West Orange Reconciliation Task

20:10

Force, the July Perry Foundation all

20:13

pieced the story together. We have a

20:15

d research team and we are uncovering

20:18

or where a lot of this land is at. It's just a tedious

20:20

process because you have to go bit by bit

20:22

and undercover. You know, you gotta go through obituaries

20:25

and estates and sales and all that.

20:27

People die and you can't have a wonder

20:30

where would these families be had they had

20:32

had this generational wealth that

20:34

was strict from them. In

20:36

two thousand and two, July

20:38

Perry's body was located in an unmarked

20:41

grave. It was discovered in Orlando

20:43

at a cemetery there July

20:46

Perry's great grandson, Pastor Stephen

20:48

Nunn, And so we went

20:51

back a mom and dad and I and we

20:53

um they had a

20:56

memorial service there

20:58

at the grave site. Eat decades

21:01

after July Perry was lynched, his

21:03

grandchildren and great grandchildren returned

21:05

to a koe. Yeah, when we finally

21:08

started taking certain turns in certain streets

21:10

to finally get into the area

21:13

where we uh later

21:16

ended up. Quickly, I was like, wow,

21:18

this is not Disney World. It's definitely

21:20

Disney World. Um

21:23

and then it hit It was

21:25

like wow. So now in

21:27

my head, I could see white sheets,

21:30

I could see guns, I could see

21:34

extreme racism. I could see

21:36

area that still

21:38

had a boy Mr kind

21:40

of mindset and some of the spirited

21:43

people. It was crystal clear to me at that point.

21:46

Just a few yards away from July Perry's

21:48

grave in Orlando's Greenwood Cemetery

21:50

lies the grave of Sam Salisbury,

21:53

the man who led the mob to Perry's house.

21:56

Salisbury's grave is topped by a monument

21:59

and surrounded by the graves of his family

22:02

and descendants. July

22:04

Perry's grave stands alone.

22:09

Good morning, Orlando community,

22:13

Welcome to the historical marking unveiling

22:17

for July Perry. It

22:19

has been a long road to this day to get here.

22:22

It took almost a century for

22:24

a public remembrance of July

22:27

Perry, the sacrifice of Mr

22:29

Perry so that African Americans

22:31

could vote. It's a dark

22:34

and deadly part of our history

22:37

and one that will not be forgotten.

22:41

Jerry Demmings is the first black mayor

22:43

of Orange County. His wife, Val

22:45

Demmings, is a member of the United States

22:47

Congress. But I want to be clear

22:50

this morning that

22:53

I have no illusions, our

22:55

delusions that anything

22:58

that we do here today, well,

23:00

right, the wrongs of a

23:03

racist pass. But

23:08

what we can do. What

23:10

we can do is respect

23:13

the atumn. What's

23:19

interesting is so many

23:21

of my colleagues have never even heard of the story.

23:24

State Senator Randolph Bracy's district

23:26

includes central and northwest Orange County.

23:29

He introduced the bill on the Florida legislature

23:31

to require that schools teach children

23:34

about the Echoe massacre. A

23:36

version passed, minus

23:39

a provision to pay reparations to

23:41

the descendants of the victims. As

23:44

we moved the bill forward and it was talked about,

23:46

debated, and um, they're gained

23:48

support for it. There

23:50

were some colleagues of mine and say, hey, I think we

23:53

should look at reparations,

23:55

even on the Republican side.

23:57

So I think there is an opportunity

24:00

need to look at that

24:02

again, and it's something I'll be pushing. Some

24:04

of the descendants of the Echoe victims are

24:07

also fighting for reparations. Janie

24:09

Nelson is July Perry's great granddaughter

24:12

and vice president of the July Perry Foundation.

24:15

The script is says thou shalt

24:17

not steal. They stole

24:19

it and they need to give it back. A

24:26

century after the Echoe massacre, in

24:28

another presidential election year, the

24:30

Cooe descendants and activists and historians

24:33

are thinking about what still hasn't

24:35

changed. We're back at this moment where

24:37

a Coe becomes more important than ever, historian

24:40

Paul Ortiz. Black people are still

24:43

trying to register to vote. Light authorities

24:45

are trying to find different ways to keep them from

24:47

voting. Supervisors of elections,

24:50

Secretaries of state scheming

24:53

on ways to try to prevent them from

24:55

participating in the

24:57

democratic system. Florida is

24:59

still actively involved and vote

25:01

of suppression historian Marvin

25:04

Dunn. Overwhelming majority of Fillians,

25:06

white and black, voted for excellence

25:09

is able to vote. The Florida

25:11

State Legislature comes back immediately

25:13

and passed the law that says all

25:16

these excellence must pay all their institutions

25:19

and court costs before they can vote.

25:21

So they were immediately read disenfranchised.

25:24

Pamela Grady of the July Perry

25:26

Foundation. I look at right now at times

25:28

and we're in right now, and how important it is to vote,

25:31

you know, and how important how much went

25:33

in for you know, us to have that

25:35

right to vote. We take it

25:37

so lightly. The

25:44

town of a Koe is a modern, diverse

25:47

community, but there are remnants

25:49

of the past. None of the main

25:51

streets in town is named for Blueford

25:53

Sims, the white man who sold July

25:56

Perry's land after he was lynched,

25:59

But in the anniversary year

26:01

of his death, another road

26:03

in a Kowe, a state highway is being renamed

26:06

the Julius July Perry Memorial

26:09

Highway. I

26:11

think he's a hero, absolutely absolutely.

26:13

Obviously he was overcome and lynched,

26:16

but we're still talking about him hundred years

26:18

later. So I

26:20

think in that context,

26:23

in that time period, the life that

26:25

he lived, the businessman

26:27

that he was, and to have the boldness

26:30

to do what he did, I

26:32

think it it's heroic. It's

26:35

really it really is. So July Perry

26:37

had to be and had to have been awesome

26:39

man. And I still can still your tear

26:41

up thinking about it. How what an amazing

26:44

man this was, that was that was gunned

26:46

down, lynch drug and tortured,

26:49

all for having the courage the

26:51

courage to stand up and fight

26:53

for a cause, and and and to put others

26:56

first. You know, so do

26:58

My Parry deserves to be the legacy of

27:00

him to be always

27:03

remembered throughout the rest of time.

27:06

Our children need to know this rich

27:09

history, Our grandchildren

27:11

need to know. Okay,

27:13

good morning, good morning children.

27:19

This morning we will start our program

27:21

with a musical solo of

27:24

the national Black anthem.

27:27

M hmm. We

27:35

must not forget the sacrifice

27:38

of July Period, his family

27:40

and other African Americans killed

27:42

in this horrific massacre as

27:45

we stand here today to honor

27:48

their memory. I think

27:50

it's important to knowledge the

27:53

history and the legacy of July Perry

27:55

be celebrated for for the risk

27:57

that he took, because we'll still

27:59

find in the same fight and he was bold enough to

28:01

to try to

28:04

make changes are years ago. This

28:34

episode of Flashback the Election Day Massacre

28:36

was written by Sean Braswell and voiced

28:38

by me Eugene S. Robinson, was

28:41

produced by Mab mcgoran and your

28:43

a Oh Diggi Zula. Chris

28:46

Hoff engineered our show on