Anna freud: Neutrality is the point at which we are an equal distance to the id, the superego and the ego.

discussions about race, defences:- intellectualizations: it's the economy, not race- denial: I dont see race- generalizations: all cops are racistsrather than sitting with the object.

19:00 Tranquilizers were given for everything. The FDA stepped in, saying they couldn't be given for anything and instead needed to be targeted. Hence the emergence of diagnoses. 24:00:the DSM 3, its formulation, was headed by Robert Spitzer, who was a researcher aiming to allign psychiatry with other medical sciences. He involved fellow researchers - not psychoanalysts - and even though these researchers weren't a big or important group in the field of psychiatry at the time, they had great influence in and through the DSM 3. The DSM became the most science-based of all dsm's (observable symptoms, require 4 or more symptoms for diagnoses, clinical interpretation is irrelevant). The DSM changed the way psychiatry is applied. The DSM 3 diagnoses weren't based on much evidence, much studies hadn't been done in this way, yet it was seen as a huge advance. Now it is a scientific enterprise, rather than a social political one. Drug companies get a larger role, feeling able to target the diseases. 34:00Towards the end of the 1990, researchers are starting to become really uneasy with the entire diagnostic system. Gene studies aren't turning up evidence, it is becoming apparent that . Researchers dont really believe in the categories, but they 37:00In 2011, the dsm 5, there is a reversal: researchers are trying to overthrow the classification system in light of an absence of evidence. Clinicians now, however, as it serves administrative purposes, want to keep the system. 47:00Diagnoses have become highly valuable: parents with kids who have autism would get up in arms if the diagnosis were threatened. It facilitates various forms of care. Diagnoses have an organizational function in society.